Question: What type of effect can a variable that is confounded with the treatment variable in a two-group experimental study have on the obtained value of

What type of effect can a variable that is confounded with the treatment variable in a two-group experimental study have on the obtained value of the t ratio?

  1. it always makes t larger
  2. it usually makes t smaller
  3. it can make t either larger or smaller or leave it unchanged
  4. it generally has no effect on the size of the t ratio

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