Question: Why type of effect can a variable that is confounded with the treatment variable in a two-group experimental study have on the obtained value of

Why type of effect can a variable that is confounded with the treatment variable in a two-group experimental study have on the obtained value of the t ratio?

a. It always makes t larger

b. It usually makes t smaller

c. It can make t either larger or smaller or leave it unchanged

d. It generally has no effect on the size of the t ratio

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