When a state attempts to use its long$-$arm statute with an internet$-$based business, a court will establish minimum contacts using the "sliding$-$scale" standard, which includes all of the following, EXCEPT:

If the activity is just passive advertising, jurisdiction is never proper.

If there is some activity, courts will engage in a case$-$by$-$case analysis to determine the significance of the contacts.

If the activity involves an international online business, jurisdiction is never proper.

If the activity is substantial, jurisdiction is proper.