When computers were first commercialized, Todd found it to be very confusing. He heard conflicting claims about which hardware to buy and about the various software systems available. He finally purchased something expensive, but found it to be unreliable. Very soon, Todd realized that companies had changed the models for the hardware and software they sold. This illustrates phase of the technology evolution model described by Utterback and Abernathy.

fluid

dominant design

specific

incremental