When using the justification that "the tactic was unavoidable," the negotiator is saying that

Select one:

a$.$

the negotiator was not in full control of his or her actions and hence should not be held responsible.

b$.$

what the negotiator did was really trivial and not very significant.

c$.$

the tactic helped to avoid greater harm

d$.$

the quality of the tactic should be judged by its consequences.

e$.$

the justification that "the tactic was unavoidable" implies all of the above.