When workers are asked to participate in a research study, vulnerabilities related to the subject's employment may include:

Employees may experience pressure from management to participate in the study because the employer perceives the study to be advantageous to the organization.

The employer may encourage or deny participation of workers.

The research study's finding could affect an elmployee's pay, benefits, or promotion potential.

Unions may encourage employees to participate with the expectation that "entitlements" may follow from study results.

All of the above