When workers are asked to participate in a research study, vulnerabilities related to the subject's employment may include:

The employer may encourage or deny participation of workers.

The research study's finding could affect an employee's pay, benefits, or promotion potential.

Employees may experience pressure from management to participate in the study because the employer perceives the study to be advantageous to the organization.

Unions may encourage employees to participate with the expectation that "entitlements" may follow from study results.

All of the above