Which scenario best describes an escalation of commitment error?

1. When a manager decides not to fly because so many people die in plane crashes, even though more people die in automobile crashes.

2. When a manager makes a decision to invest resources in producing CDs and continues to do so long after he sees that customers arent buying them.

3. When a manager wears a tie and receives a promotion, and then he wears that tie the next time he wants to experience a good outcome.

4. When a manager is in a heated discussion about gun control and looks up statistics that support his opinion.

The Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model can help an individual do what?

1. Decide on the cause and effect of a particular issue

2. Decide on your organizations opportunities and threats

3. Decide who to involve in a decision and what processes to use

4. Decide which issues are causing 80% of your organizations problems

What might an organization looking to promote creativity among their employees do?

1. Emphasize a traditional culture and traditional leadership styles

2. Use a selection process that emphasizes low tolerance for ambiguity

3. Create training and mentorship programs for employees

4. Reward and recognize for successes but not failures