While a person could make the argument the that drug testing for public school athletes might be a reasonable approach, if a public school desired to engage in drug testing for members of the Latin club or the chess club $[$with parental consent$],$ such drug testing:

has been ruled as unreasonable since individualized suspicion is a requirement of the Fourth Amendment in conducting public school student drug testing.

has been ruled reasonable under the Fourth Amendment because drug testing for students engaged in extracurricular activities is minimally intrusive, and the Court balanced the low level of intrusion against the needs of the school district for drug testing results that are important in managing a school system. has been ruled as permissiblesince students attending public schools do not possess Fourth Amendment protections that are given to adults.

has been ruled unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment because drug testing for students in extracurricular activities who do not undress in front of each other involves the same excretory function for collection that is used for athletes who have given up some privacy by playing a sport that requires changing clothes.

has been ruled unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment because unlike athletes, members of the Latin Club or a chess club do not have a reduced expectation of privacy since they do not disrobe in front of one another.