Question: Why is it important that a password not be transmitted as plaintext? As ciphertext? What is a rainbow table? Why does it make an attack

Why is it important that a password not be transmitted as plaintext? As ciphertext? What is a rainbow table? Why does it make an attack feasible? How does "salting" password hashes affect the usefulness of a rainbow table? How does MS-CHAP use a hash function? What user function does this enable?

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