Write 4 differences and 4 similarities illustrated by examples from each of 8 .

Royal Dutch Shell PLC: Identifying differences and similarities between IFRS and GAAP (LO 11-10) Royal Dutch Shell had pre-tax income of $2,047 million, $28,314 million, and $33,592 million in 2015,2014 , and 2013, respectively. Presented below are excerpts from the 2015 annual report of Royal Dutch Shell, a Dutch company that finds, extracts, processes, and sells oil and gas. DEPRECIATION, DEPLETION AND AMORTISATION Property, plant and equipment related to hydrocarbon production activities are depreciated on a unit-ofproduction basis over the proved developed reserves of the field concerned. Assets whose useful lives differ from the lifetime of the field are depreciated applying the straight-line method. Rights and concessions in respect of proved properties are depleted on the unit-of-production basis over the total proved reserves of the relevant area. Where individually insignificant, unproved properties may be grouped and depreciated based on factors such as the average concession term and past experience of recognising proved reserves. Property, plant and equipment held under finance leases and capitalised LNG off-take and sales contracts are depreciated or amortised over the term of the respective contract. Other property, plant and equipment and intangible assets are depreciated and amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, except for goodwill, which is not amortised. They include major inspection costs, which are depreciated over the estimated period before the next planned major inspection (three to five years), and the following