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PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN ANCIENT HISTORY If we agree with the definition offered by Project Management Institute that a project is a temporary group activity designed to produce a unique product, service or result" and that project management is the "application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements" (Project Management Institute, 2013), then humans have started working on projects since ancient history. Throughout history, ingenious architects and engineers have delivered impressive projects such as the great Pyramid of Giza, The Great Wall of China, the Coliseum, the hanging gardens of Babylon and the Stonehenge to name a few. Those architects and engineers were serving their primary roles of engineers and architects as well as project managers. In order for these projects to succeed, these engineers turned into project managers, had to carefully think about all the processes of the project starting with the initiation and planning phases to execution and monitoring all the way to closing of the project. For each of these projects, someone had to manage the hundreds to thousands of workers for many years, ensure there was enough supply to sustain the project, make sure the project is on track, and of course, the end result had to fulfill expectations of the commander. Mark Kazak-Holland argues in his book The History of Project Management that Project Management is not a 20th century discipline, but contrary to popular belief, history is filled with many projects that had project sponsorship, project management team, practiced project processes and intuitive understanding of the Nine Knowledge Areas of the PMBok. The author argues that without a good understanding of all of these principles, such projects would've never succeeded. The book also refutes four misperceptions about historical projects: Historical projects had unlimited budgets without an economic return; Historical projects had a predominant slave workforce; Historical projects had unlimited timelines; and Historical projects had used concepts not associated with modern project (Kozak-Holland, 2011). Reading the book one will understand that current project management is the result of a natural evolution and has been practiced throughout the history of humanity. Incrementally, with the completion of each successful significant project knowledge, skills, tools and techniques advanced paving the way for the next historic project. Despite all of the great historical projects achieved throughout history, the documentation and historical records of earlier projects is scarce. This can be attributed to a combination of factors. First, educated upper society was more interested in the final result of the project rather than the methodology of creation. It also did not help that the execution of such projects was generally the responsibility of craftsmen who were not necessarily educated or interested in making their methods known to others. To the contrary, in many of these projects, the execution details were kept a secret among a certain tribe or family who were specialized in craftsmanship and transmitted from one generation to another (PM Karma, 2008). In his book A History of Ancient Project: From Mesopotamia to the Roman Empire, Y. C. Chiu offers a reasonable rationalization for the lack of documentation. The author asserts that professions such as architecture, medicine, economics, mathematics, and theoretical science are all better documented than project management "because the term project is not prevalent in ancient texts, the field of project has been more elusive than these other professions (Chiu Y. C., 2011)