Write a professional and comprehensive conclusion for this report:

Introduction:

Have you ever noticed how ethical behavior reflects a large part of organisations? And how do large companies such as hospitals resort to enhancing the ethical behavior of their employees?. We conducted this report in aim to demonstrate ethical behaviors which is defined as the application of moral principles in a given situation. It means to behave according to the moral standards set by the society which we live in. and it used a lot at the workplace in Saudi Arabia specially hospitals including theories about ethical behavior such as consequentialist theory, deontological theory, virtue theory, and mixed approach theory.

We will also discuss the impact of OCB, CSR, and Charity in enhancing the ethical behavior of the employees in king Faisal specialist hospital and researches centre which is considered as the best hospital in the middle east. It also known in ethics within their works. The aim of this hospital is delivering world class customer experience, quality, and safety of care to our patients, that why they transform into a financially sustainable and efficient independent not-for-profit foundation, and to work in ethical environment. We collected data for this report using secondary data from articles related to our topic, and two surveys, one of which was from an article titled Negative ethical behaviors in Saudi hospitals. The second survey was conducted by our group , and we targeted medical students to answer it. We used many different types of resources for our data collection to make sure that we generate effective information and to cover all the aspects.

Theoretical part:

Ethical behaviour is a. its importance. In order to measure the ethical behaviour 3 theories will be considered: consequentialist, deontological, and virtue.

Outcomes, factors

Consequentialist Ethics Theory:

Consequentialist ethics is defined as the theory of morality in which moral obligations or duties are derived from what is desirable as an end to be achieved. It accepts utility as the basis for morality which means moral evaluation of actions, or rules is based on how good they generate or how bad they avoid. The only prime basic duty is to do whatever maximizes the best consequences, no matter what sort of action we take. So, it emphasizes on the outcomes, despite the intent of individual behaviors. Consequentialism comes in various forms which are: ethical egoism, act utilitarianism, and rule utilitarianism.

1. Ethical Egoism

Ethical egoism says that an individuals action is considered ethical or unethical depending on its possibility to achieve personal interests. Egoism suggests that we ought to do whatever to maximize our own self-interests, regardless of how our actions might affect others. The interests of others are not the main goal of the egoism perspective, others are seen as merely a medium by which our interest might be maximized. In this case, all other effects of the action are not relevant to the ethical decision. Thus, an action is considered ethical only if the outcomes of that action are more beneficial to the person than any other alternative action.

2. Utilitarianism

The principle of utility induces that we always ought to seek for the greatest benefit of the greatest quantity. which action or decision will produce the most utility.The principle contains three ideas: firstly, in deciding what we ought to do, we should be directed by the consequences of our acts. Secondly, in deciding what are the best consequences, we should give priority to whatever will result in producing the greatest utility or least damage. Thirdly, the principle presumes that the advantage of an individual is equally important to everyone elses. The principle of utility is the most fundamental moral principle according to utilitarianism.

3. Act Utilitarianism

Act consequentialists believe that morally right actions are those that do or are expected to create either the absolute best outcomes or adequately good outcomes.

It says that each action is assessed in terms of its possibility to produce the greatest amount of happiness for the largest number of individuals.

4. Rule Utilitarianism

Rule utilitarianism holds that morally right actions are those that fit with the optimal social rules, where such rules are those that would produce the best results were they widely endorsed or adhered to. It is an adjusted form of utilitarianism that promotes a pluralistic perspective of values so that many things are inherently good. And approved by the rules with the best consequences for individuals.

Deontological Ethics Theory:

Deontological ethics can be described as duty-based ethical theory. It states that some forms of actions are wrong in themselves, and not because they have bad consequences. They focus on the nature of the action itself so they figure out if it is right or wrong.

Moral ethics specifically focus on the relationship between duty and the ethics of human actions. In deontological ethics, an action is morally good because of some of the characteristics of the action itself, not because the product of the action is good. Moral ethics says that at least some actions are morally obligatory regardless of their consequences for human well-being.

Deontologists believe that particular actions are intrinsically morally right or wrong, separated from the consequences they produce. It stands up for Moral rights that any individual has a right to be treated in ways that guarantee his dignity, respect, and independence. The function of morality is to guide our behaviours in order to make a goodwill. Hence, the moral value of goodwill lies intrinsically in the act itself not in its results. Intrinsic, consequences.

There are two groups of deontological theories in the literature: (1) rule deontology, and (2) act deontology.

Rule deontology:

Rule deontology says that people ought to be guided by a set of defined rules or principles in all situations. Thus, the action is judged to be ethical or unethical by the rules themselves, not the results of the action. As kant said "Act only on a principle that can become a universal law." When we are considering a specific act, two questions to be considered. At first, what rule we would follow if we meant to do it. As well, whether we are willing for that rule to be Generalized to all people that it becomes a common law. If so, then the action is morally acceptable. This exemplifies the significance of our rational virtue in relation to the moral law. Rationality requires consistency, and it wouldn't be consistent to act based on a principle that we wouldn't want everyone to follow either.

Act deontology:

I can refer to this as treat others like you want to be treated. It states that all people are responsible to act toward others as human being. Considering their dignity and rights, and despite of the consequences that may occur. The importance is on the moral value implied in the act itself. Besides, we are human being, not objects. We must respect the unconditional value of others and treat them as ends in themselves and never as means. For instance, if you needed money for a certain reason, but you are unable to get a loan, so you decided to give a false promise to your friend in order to get the money. Even if your intention in using that money was for good purpose, you lied and have used your friend for your own intention.

Virtue Ethics Theory:

Virtue ethics works as an alternative to both deontological and consequentialist ethics. It focuses on what type a person should become, and what qualities should he have. This means morality is about character and personality traits, not rules or actions. There is a common set of virtues that is beneficial to all individuals. The concerns are, they might be hard to adopt, and through different years and cultures virtues change. The traditional list of essential virtues was integrity, fairness, courage, and self-control. While the present theologists suggest justice, fidelity, self-care, reasonableness.

Also, from country to another traits and personality change. As an example, in Arab countries people known by their magnanimity, nobility, kindness and altruism. They represent their ethical behaviour.

Mixed Approach of ethics:

The mix approach of ethics is middle-way approach, it integrates the two theories which is deontological and consequentialist theory, so it has the capacity to transgress the boundaries of the competitive theories and provide the basis needed for ethics evaluation. It is mixed between two theories, so it overcomes the shortcomings of the ethical theories and their disadvantages such as, the source and authority of the principles deontological ethics and the common good in utilitarian(consequentialist) ethics. So, by integrating those theories we cover the lack of effectiveness and to get a full theory that covers all the aspects of the study. Especially that, employees in health sectors must have mixed approach theory se they can have balance between focusing on the outcomes while maintaining intrinsic actions and morality. Thus, they will be able to accomplish effectiveness of ethical behavior within the work.

Analytical part:

All organizations strive to implement a high level of ethical behavior within their work frame and structure. Behavioral acts are crucial for optimal healthcare delivery. Although most of the research regarding this area of study has been conducted in developed western countries the culture of middle eastern countries is so strong that the lack of research does not affect the implementation of ethical behaviors in middle-eastern organizations. A prime example of implying ethical behavior is King Faisal specialist hospital and research center. It is one of the biggest leading hospitals in KSA that aims to transform into a financially sustainable and independent non-profit foundation as well as establish effective communication within the organization and external public. In order to attain these goals, managers are increasing the focus on workplace ethics within the hospital. Effective behavioral impact on an organization depends on employee behavior towards their job and the corporate social responsibility which the organization engages in.

Research has shown that there is a strong correlation between organizational citizenship behavior in enhancing the individual's productivity. When an employee of the hospital contributes to non-required tasks, they display organizational citizenship behavior and this act can be demonstrated in the King Faisal specialist hospital & research center based on different theories:

Consequentialist ethical theory: King Faisal hospital follows a patient-centered policy where they put the needs of the patients and their families first. This requires the staff to be open in communicating with the patient as well as treating them with compassion and kindness. For instance, doctors and nurses who work in the kids clinic of the hospital treat children with high compassion and sensitivity to avoid having a negative psychological reaction from the kid or causing them. The medical staff in this situation have high consequentialist ethics because they behave to avoid a certain consequence and have a positive result with their patient.

Deontological ethical theory: taking accountability is a crucial part of defining the responsibility levels within King Faisal hospital. They believe that in order to deliver the highest level of health care to the patients, the medical staff should have high deontological ethics in which the health care employee should be aware of the beliefs, risks, and causes of every situation to classify what is morally correct according to Islamic values and what is considered as generally accepted in the medical community. In every clinical department of the hospital, staff should take accountability when making mistakes regarding the patient.Another instance of applying deontological ethics in King Faisal hospital is in the psychological therapy department, therapists treat their patients in ways that prevent harming the patient psychologically and will ensure providing the patient with fairness and anatomy.

Virtue ethical theory: the vision of King Faisal hospital consists of being the specialized healthcare provider of choice for every patient. To do so, the hospital staff should be highly engaged in their work to the point that they implement their personal traits into their ethical behaviors while dealing with their patients. Dermatologists of the hospital tend to score high on extraversion which means they are talkative and friendly with their patients, helping them diagnose the patients condition more accurately. Additionally, it is important for dermatologists to build a good relationship with their patients as they will be more likely to visit the clinic periodically.

Despite all the positive effects of implementing those ethical theories in the medical field, there are still some concerns regarding the ethical acts of the staff in the hospital. According to 450 questionnaires that were conducted by medical students in KSA they found that 86.6% (50.5% male and 36.1% female) of the medical staff have poor communicative skills when delivering unpleasant news. Furthermore, research shows faulty ethical behavior within the medical organization as 59.3% (34.8% male staff and 24.5% female staff) of doctors have been reported to be lacking empathy with their patients. These issues are mostly considered as results of errors in the deontological theory. Following this theory to the fullest extent may lead to delivering bad news poorly as well as having doctors who lack empathy. Supposing that a patient has passed away under a tragic circumstance, the healthcare provider is faced with the responsibility of determining whether they should inform the loved ones of the patient with the full truth regarding the incident. According to deontological ethics, the provider should tell the full truth even if it is a sensitive matter.

Additionally, as organizations strive to better their economic goals, they are starting to prioritize societal and environmental concerns through corporate social responsibility. Arising in Saudi Arabia, corporate social responsibility is highly influenced by Islamic and cultural ideals; therefore, acts of charity through zakat are common and pivotal. For instance, King Faisal hospital has a charity fund aimed to help cancer patients and their families, as well as to conduct educational programs for the public. King Faisal hospital shows a constant effort in terms of raising health awareness within the community, founding programs such as My Life School and forming partnerships with governmental and non-governmental entities. King Faisal hospital has directed a myriad of corporate social responsibility events aimed to increase health activities and raise awareness among employees and the public, such as: National Day March Celebration, Lets Walk - Light Up Your Idea, Pink March, and Movember. Moreover, visual aids such as free digital health infographics and videos help in further education. These social activities are done to utilize ethical behavior within the organization and the external environment. Although organizations such as King Faisal hospital are excelling in their implementation of corporate social responsibility, they lack in certain aspects. For the best possible healthcare delivery displaying respect, strong connections, and empathy among patients is crucial as it results in fewer complaints and greater job satisfaction. Research shows that Saudi hospitals lack these aspects. For instance, employees are not trained proper ethics as senior staff members believe that these moral values are learned intuitively, however research shows that this is untrue as moral sensitivities are seen to decrease throughout a medical students studies.This gradual decline may be caused by the exposure to the unethical behavior of staff members thus, it is crucial for organizations to give proper training regarding ethical treatment of patients.