You're assigned the task of developing a method to extract and concentrate 4-chlorophenol from an aqueous solution. Gather partitioning (K_ow, K_aw) and speciation (pK_a) information about this compound from a textbook, online source. Your sample volume is 200 mL.

(a) Create a distribution diagram (fraction of species vs. pH) for your compound based on pKa values. Cover the range of 2-14 for pH.

(b) Select an appropriate method and justify your decision in 1-2 sentences: liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or purge & trap (P&T)

(c) For whichever method you decided, calculate either the volume of air or volume of solvent needed to extract 95% of 2-chlorophenol. (Assume a single step extraction for LLE. Assume a flow rate of 1.5 Lpm for P&T.)

(d) Regardless of which method you selected above, answer both items below on how the following would affect an extraction of 2-chlorophenol.

i. P&T: increase/decrease gas flow rate, increase/decrease water temperature

ii. LLE: increase/decrease pH, addition of salt