For each of the following studies, 

(a) Identify the null hypothesis, 

(b) Make your best guess about the alternative hypothesis—that is, what you would expect to happen in this study, 

(c) Describe a research outcome that would be a Type I error, 

(d) Describe an outcome that would be a Type II error.

1. In a study of how well people can detect lying, female and male participants will try to detect deception in films of women lying in some parts of the film and telling the truth in other parts.

2. In a perception study, infants will view slides of normal faces and faces with slight irregularities to examine which type of face infants will look at longer.

3. Patients with and without a diagnosis of depression will be asked to predict how they will do in negotiating a human maze.

4. Some athletes will be given training in a new imaging procedure they are to use just prior to shooting foul shots; they will be compared with other athletes not given any special training.