Questions and Answers of Botany An Introduction To Plant Biology

There are two types of venation in the leaves of flowering plants. Describe the type found in eudicot leaves. Describe the type in monocot leaves.
What does the abscission zone do in leaves? Would you guess that there are or are not abscission zones in flowers and fruits?
In what ways does the upper epidermis of a leaf differ from the lower epidermis? How are these structural differences adaptive?
Figure 6-36 shows many plants of the desert plant Lithops. How many leaves does each plant have? (By the way, even if you grow these in ideal conditions, they never have more than this number.)Figure
The interior tissues of a leaf are called mesophyll. In most leaves, there is an upper layer of columnar cells called the ______________________ ___________________ and a lower portion of
This page is 22 cm wide and 27 cm tall. Calculate its surface area (remember, just like a leaf, it has an upper and a lower surface). If this page were a leaf with the same density of stomata as a
Many leaves have a big, obvious vein that runs along their center, and many veins emerge from it. What is the large vein called (and can a leaf have more than one [look at Figure 6-2])? The smaller
Look at the cross-sections of leaf primordia in Figure 6-31A (labeled “Leaves”). Each one wraps completely around the shoot apical meristem. Can you explain why each leaf appears to surround the
What is a bundle sheath in a leaf?
Draw a cross-section of a foliage leaf and label each part; be certain to show all the types of vascular tissues in the bundles.
Most petioles are rather small, but they can be either massive or very long. List several examples of unusually large petiole (two are edible).
Shoot apical meristems make small groups of cells that protrude upward and develop into leaves. What are these small protrusions of cells called?
Sclerophyllous foliage leaves like those in holly, barberry (Figure 6-37), and Yucca (Figure 6-38) have many unusual features. Do they live for 1 year or longer? They are more resistant to animals
How does the growth of eudicot and grass leaves differ? Which type would be more capable of recovering from attack by leaf-eating insects or grazing deer?
Dormant buds, such as the terminal and axillary buds of twigs in winter, consist of bud scales, young leaves, and leaf primordia. Which were formed by the apical meristem first and which were
Leaves of conifers are perennial. Those of bristlecone pine live for at least ____ years, and their vascular bundles produce new _____________ every year. Many conifers have needle-shaped leaves, but
The spines of cacti are modified leaves, and as with bud scales, spines have a distinct structure related to their function. Why would the blade of a photosynthetic leaf be useless as a protective
Cacti have _________ types of leaves. The green cactus body has _____________________ green leaves, and the clusters of spines are their ________________ ________________. Spines are modified leaves
Several species have leaves that catch and digest insects, obtaining nitrogen fertilizer from their bodies. Describe how each of the following trap leaves function—the pitchers of Nepenthes, the
During zygotene stage of meiosis I, a remarkable pairing of chromosomes occurs. Look at the bottom part of Figure 4-19 in which “mitosis: growth of the body” has produced cells with four
If a cell undergoes nuclear division but not cell division, it becomes multinucleate. If it has hundreds of nuclei, it is called a____________________.
Describe the process of division that produces more plastids and mitochondria.
Stems of the first land plants functioned primarily as transport and support structures. Modern stems have these functions also, plus several more. Describe the additional functions.
Over the years, several different names have been used for the flowering plants. Here they are called the division_________________________, but they are known informally as

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