Evolutionary Psychology The New Science Of The Mind 6th Edition David Buss - Solutions

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Evolutionary psychology is a “metatheory” for the diferent subdisciplines of psychology, such as social, cognitive, personality, developmental, clinical, and cultural. How might evolutionary psychology also serve as a metatheory for economics, that is the economic transactions that humans
Cultural learning occurs more frequently from high-prestige models than from low-prestige models.Explain why this fnding supports the contention that transmitted culture rests on a foundation of evolved psychological mechanisms.
Although clinical depression is ofen considered to be a psychological disorder, some evolutionary theorists contend that it might actually refect the proper functioning of an adaptation. Critically examine the potential adaptive benefts of depression, and outline ways to test competing hypotheses
Studies fnd that more muscular men are more likely than less muscular men to pursue an aggressive mating strategy. Explain how this fnding is an example of “reactive heritability,” one way evolutionary psychology uses to explain individual diferences.
Around the ages of 3 and 4, children develop a “theory of mind”—that is, they start to interpret other people in terms of desires, goals, beliefs, and intentions. Outline the potential adaptive benefts of “theory of mind”when people hit puberty and enter the arena of mate competition.
People tend to have a better memory for things linked with survival and mating. Explain how these results support the theory of “adaptive memory.”
Afer losing a contest or competition, people sometimes “submit” to the winner rather than continuing to challenge the winner. Why would humans have evolved submissive strategies?
Studies show that men are more likely than women to agree with statements such as “It is OK to get ahead in life by any means necessary.” Why, from an evolutionary perspective, would men have evolved a stronger motive to get ahead in status hierarchies?
Dominance hierarchies are emergent properties of individual interactions and therefore don’t have an evolved function per se. Explain how dominance hierarchies can emerge from individual adaptations to respond to the outcomes of competitions and contests.
A study of jealous interrogations found that, upon discovery of their romantic partner in a compromising situation, men wanted to know “Did you have sex with him?” whereas women wanted to know “Do you love her?” How are these fndings explained from an evolutionary perspective?
Rape victims are disproportionately concentrated in young women who are high in fertility. Explain why this conclusion does not provide decisive evidence for or against the two competing theories of rape.
The victims of sexual harassment tend to be young, attractive, and female. The perpetrators of sexual harassment tend to be male. Analyze how these forms of strategic interference follow from an understanding of men’s and women’s evolved mating strategies.
Women, on average, tend to prefer more time to elapse before consenting to sex, whereas men seek sex sooner and more persistently. Explain how each of these proclivities produces “strategic interference” with the opposite sex.
In all of human recorded history, there is not a single instance of women banding together with other women to attack and kill another group of women. Yet history is flled with men forming war parties to attack other groups of men. Explain, from an evolutionary perspective, why men but not women
More muscular men and more attractive women tend to be more prone to anger than less muscular men and less attractive women. Explain how these fndings support the recalibration theory of anger.
In every culture, men are more violently aggressive than women, yet women ofen use indirect or verbal aggression such as gossip against their rivals. Explain why women have evolved to be more reluctant to engage in a strategy of violent aggression.
People who punish “free-riders” in coalitions are ofen seen as more trustworthy than those who do not.Explain why adaptations to punish free-riders are needed for the evolution of coalitions.
Friends sometimes become mating rivals or “frienemies.” Explain the evolutionary logic of why this form of confict occurs among friends.
In experiments, people seem to be very good at solving problems structured as social contracts—they tend to “look for cheaters,” that is, those who violate social contracts. Explain why a cheater-detection adaptation is necessary for the evolution of reciprocal altruism to evolve.
The fact that people are sometimes altruistic toward others, that is they incur costs to themselves to deliver benefts to other people, is called “the problem of altruism.” Why is this a problem that requires explanation from an evolutionary perspective?
Grandparents ofen invest in their grandchildren, but maternal grandmothers typically invest more than paternal grandfathers. Explain the evolutionary logic of this diference with reference to the concept of paternity uncertainty
Men tend to leave much of their inheritance to their wives in their wills, and women are less likely to leave their inheritance to their husbands. Why would this sex diference in inheritance occur from an evolutionary perspective?
Alarm calling is dangerous for ground squirrels, since it alerts predators to their location. Female ground squirrels incur these risks predominantly when they have daughter and sisters in the area. Explain how these results support inclusive ftness theory.
Research shows that parents try to restrict the sexual behavior of their daughters more than their sons.Explain why, from an evolutionary perspective, this might occur
Children ofen want more resources from parents than parents want to give to their children. Explain how this fnding relates to the theory of parent–ofspring confict.
Men invest less in their children’s college education if they are uncertain whether the child is their own or fathered by another man. Explain which hypothesis this fnding supports with respect to why women, on average, invest in ofspring more than men.
If a large number of men suddenly moved into a small town, creating a surplus of men relative to women, how would this change in sex ratio likely infuence mating strategies?
Women in short-term mating ofen prefer men who have masculine features. Describe how these fndings support the “good genes” hypothesis of women’s short-term mating.
A key predictor of the contexts in which women have extramarital afairs is when they are dissatisfed with their primary relationship. Explain which hypothesis of short-term mating this fnding supports.
Men, compared with women, desire a larger number of sex partners, let less time elapse before seeking sex, and more ofen consent to request to have sex with total strangers. Explain how these psychological proclivities facilitate the success of a short-term mating strategy for men.
Men, compared to women, place a greater value on youth and physical attractiveness in a long-term mate, but many men cannot fulfll these mating desires. Explain why not.
Fertilization occurs internally within women, not within men. How does this fact of human reproductive biology create two related adaptive problems for men?
Although men can reproduce simply by having sex, they ofen adopt a mating strategy of long-term commitment to one woman. Explain why, from an evolutionary perspective, men might choose a long-term mating strategy over a short-term mating strategy.
Women’s mate preferences do not always result in choosing a mate who they ideally desire. Explain why not.
Women fnd men who are already paired with attractive women to be more attractive than the same men standing alone. Explain which hypothesis this fnding supports and why women would exhibit this mate preference.
Women’s mate preferences include a desire for men who are taller than average and more athletic than average. Explain how these fndings support the hypothesis that women choose long-term mates, in part, based on the protection they can provide.
Women incur the costs of a 9-month pregnancy to produce a child, and men do not. Women also tend to be choosier about who they have sex with than are men. Explain how these fndings support the theory of parental investment and sexual selection.
Paleoarcheologists fnd skulls and skeletons of ancient humans with highly patterned traumas, mostly on males. Explain how this fnding supports the hypothesis that humans have been a major “hostile force of nature” in the evolution of our species.
People tend to overestimate the distance when looking down from a tall building by 32 percent compared to being at the bottom of a building and looking up. Explain how this fnding supports the hypothesis that humans have evolved perceptual biases.
Modern humans tend to develop fears of snakes and spiders much more ofen than fears of cars, even though cars are far more dangerous in modern urban environments than snakes and spiders. How do these facts support evolutionary hypotheses about fears?
Humans prefer landscapes that contain resources and places to hide, “prospect and refuge.” Explain how this fnding supports the savanna hypothesis of evolved habit preferences.
Adaptive problems can sometimes be identifed from observing the tasks people in more traditional cultures must accomplish, such as obtaining food from hunting and gathering, fending of predators, and protecting children. Explain how this method can be used for identifying other adaptive problems
Methods for testing evolutionary hypotheses include cross-cultural methods, experimental methods, and physiological methods. Explain why multiple methods are better than any single method for testing an evolutionary psychological hypothesis.
Jealousy requires input for its activation (e.g., presence of mate poachers) and output in the form of behavior for it to achieve its function (e.g., ward of threats to valued relationships). Explain how this example illustrates the key components of “evolved psychological mechanisms.”
Garcia demonstrated that rats could learn food aversions in a single trial separated by 24 hours. Why did this and other fndings lead to the decline of radical behaviorism?
Considering the fact that Neanderthals went extinct around the time of the appearance of modern humans, explain what evidence might be gathered in the future to support the hypothesis that their extinction was partly caused by killing.
Callus formation on the skin requires both the environmental input of repeated friction to the skin and an evolved physiological callus-producing adaptation. How does this fact illustrate why “genetic determinism” is a misconception about evolutionary theory?
Considering the three essential ingredients of natural selection, why would painting the leaves of a tree pink not infuence the pinkness of leaves of “baby trees” that develop from that parent tree’s seeds?
Evaluate the idea that evolutionary psychology can serve as a “metatheory” that united all of psychology
Explain the logic of culture–gene co-evolution.
Identify three adaptations of which religious phenomena might be byproducts.
Compare and contrast the concepts of evoked culture and transmitted culture.
Explain why some problems are erroneously thought to be “dysfunctions” when they may not be.
Compare and contrast three evolutionary explanations for depression.
Identify and illustrate three major ways evolutionary psychology can explain individual diferences.
Describe the “theory of mind” and state when it emerges during human development.
List four evolutionary theories that provide insights into human social psychology.
Describe the evidence for human adaptive memory.
Analyze why humans have evolved submissive strategies.
List fve correlates of dominance.
Analyze why men might have evolved a stronger motivation for status striving compared to women.
Describe one example of dominance hierarchies in a non-human animal species.
Explain how dominance hierarchies emerge from individual interactions.
Analyze the possible evolutionary causes of resource inequality between the sexes.
Describe the contexts infuencing the intensity of mate-retention tactics.
Summarize three fndings that support the hypothesis that women and men difer in the triggers of sexual jealousy.
Describe women’s potential anti-rape defenses.
Compare and contrast the adaptation versus by-product theories of rape.
Describe key predictors of sexual harassment.
Analyze why men and women sometimes get into confict about the occurrence and timing of sex.
Defne “strategic interference theory.”
Compare and contrast the “adaptation” versus “by-product” theories of why people kill other people.
Describe why men would go to war, despite the heavy risks of battle.
Describe the “recalibration theory of anger” and provide one example from your own observations.
Analyze why women sometimes aggress against other women.
summarize the evidence for sex diferences in same-sex aggression.
explain the evolutionary theory for why men are more violently aggressive than women.
list six adaptive problems that could be solved by an aggressive strategy.
list and describe the two key problems that must be solved when establishing coalitions.
Compare and contrast the costs and benefts of friendship.
Describe why humans must have cheater-detection adaptations in order for reciprocal altruism to evolve.
Provide two examples of reciprocal altruism in non-human animal species.
Analyze why “tit for tat” is such a successful strategy.
summarize the theory of reciprocal altruism.
explain the problem of altruism.
summarize the three major sources of confict within families.
Explain, from an evolutionary perspective, why families might form.
analyze why maternal grandmothers would invest more than paternal grandfathers in their grandkids.
describe two studies that suggest that genetic relatives make a diference between life and death.
Provide three empirical examples that illustrate the importance of genetic relatedness for helping.
Explain the theory of inclusive ftness.
analyze why parents sometimes try to infuence the mating and sexuality of their children.
describe the theory of parent–ofspring confict and provide one example from your own observations.
Explain the three major factors that are theoretically expected to infuence parental care.
describe the two leading hypotheses for why mothers generally provide more parental care than fathers.
analyze the evidence for contexts that infuence whether women pursue short-term mating.
specify the fve major hypotheses about the adaptive benefts to women of short-term mating.
name three empirical fndings that support the hypothesis that men have an evolved short-term mating strategy.
identify the adaptive problems men must solve when pursuing short-term mating.
list the costs of short-term mating for men.

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Evolutionary Psychology The New Science Of The Mind 6th Edition David Buss - Solutions

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