As part of an affirmative-action litigation, records were produced showing the average salaries earned by white, black, and Hispanic workers in a large manufacturing plant. Three different departments were selected at random for the comparison. The entries shown are average annual salaries, in thousands of dollars.

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White Black Hispanic Department I 40.2 Department 2 40.6 Department 3 39.7 39.8 39.0 40.0 39.9 39.2 38.4