Task 1: Imagine that I was interested in how different teaching methods affected students’ knowledge. I noticed that some lecturers were aloof and arrogant in their teaching style and humiliated anyone who asked them a question, while others were encouraging and supporting of questions and comments. I took three statistics courses where I taught the same material. For one group of students I wandered around with a large cane and beat anyone who asked daft questions or got questions wrong (punish). In the second group I used my normal teaching style, which is to encourage students to discuss things that they find difficult and to give anyone working hard a nice sweet (reward). The final group I remained indifferent to and neither punished nor rewarded students’ efforts (indifferent). As the dependent measure I took the students’ exam marks (percentage). Based on theories of operant conditioning, we expect punishment to be a very unsuccessful way of reinforcing learning, but we expect reward to be very successful. Therefore, one prediction is that reward will produce the best learning. A second hypothesis is that punishment should actually retard learning such that it is worse than an indifferent approach to learning. The data are in the file Teach.dat. Carry out a one-way ANOVA and use planned comparisons to test the hypotheses that: (1) reward results in better exam results than either punishment or indifference; and (2) indifference will lead to significantly better exam results than punishment.