Question: Bias, or systematic error, causes measurements to be systematically too high or systematically too low. The equation is individual measurement = exact value + bias

Bias, or systematic error, causes measurements to be systematically too high or systematically too low. The equation is individual measurement = exact value + bias + chance error.

The chance error changes from measurement to measurement, but the bias stays the same. Bias cannot be estimated just by repeating the measurements. P-698

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