In Example 11.2 (p. 343), we presented a repeatedmeasures research study demonstrating that swearing can help reduce ratings of pain (Stephens, Atkins, &

Kingston, 2009). In the study, each participant was asked to plunge a hand into icy water and keep it there as long as the pain would allow. In one condition, the participants repeated their favorite curse words while their hands were in the water. In the other condition, the participants repeated a neutral word. Each participant rated the intensity of the pain on a 10-point scale.

Of the n = 25 participants, 17 had a lower pain rating when swearing, 6 had a higher rating, and 2 showed no difference between the two conditions. Is this result significantly different from what would be expected by chance? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05.