Emissions from fossil-fuel combustion in 2010 are estimated to be 7.6 GtC/year. In the same year, atmospheric CO₂ concentration is estimated to be 390 ppm. Assume the atmospheric fraction remains constant at 0.38 .

a. Assuming the energy growth rates shown in Table 9.6 , estimate the energy-related carbon emission rate in 2050.

b. Estimate the cumulative energy-related carbon added to the atmosphere between 2010 and 2050.

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TABLE 9.6 The 1990-2020 Average Annual Growth Rates (%/year) Used in the IPCC IS92a Scenario for Energy-Related Carbon Emissions GDP Region Population Primary energy Person GDP Carbon Primary energy China and centrally planned Asia 1.03 3.91 -1.73 -0.32 Eastern Europe and ex-USSR 0.43 1.49 -0.66 -0.24 Africa 2.63 1.25 0.26 -0.21 United States 0.57 2.33 -1.81 -0.26 World 1.40 1.53 -0.97 -0.24