A vapor compression heat pump uses R12 as the working fluid. The condenser used in the heat pump is an air-cooled counter-flow heat exchanger. The operating parameters are:

Assume air to be a perfect gas with \(C_{p}=1.0 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{K}\) and \(\gamma=1.4\). The temperature of the surrounding is \(278 \mathrm{~K}\). The R12 properties at inlet (1) and outlet (2) are: 

\(S_{R 1}=0.6945 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{K}, S_{R 2}=0.2559 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}-\mathrm{K}, h_{R 1}=207.05 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\) and \(h_{R 2}=69.55 \mathrm{~kJ} / \mathrm{kg}\). Calculate:

a. Heat transfer rate to the environment

b. Total irreversibility rate (exergy destruction) of a heat exchanger

c. Irreversibility rate (exergy destruction) due to pressure losses

d. Exergetic efficiency of the condenser

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Fluid m T P1 T P2 (kg/s) (C) (bar) (C) (bar) R12 0.125 45 9.607 35 9.607 Air 1.0 18 1.045 35 1.035