Imagine that you have carried out a study to determine whether sons resemble their mothers. In each of 18 independent trials, you showed a participant a photo of one boy and photos of two adult women, one of whom is the boy’s mother and the other of whom is randomly chosen. You ask the participant to guess which woman is the mother. If there is no sonmother resemblance, the probability that the participant guesses correctly is 1/2.1/2. If sons really do resemble their mothers, the probability that the participant guesses correctly is greater than 1/2.1/2.By answering the following questions, carry out the four steps of hypothesis testing.

a. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.

b. Is this a one-sided or two-sided test? How can you tell?

c. What would you use as the test statistic for this study?

d. Suppose you found that 7 of the 18 participants guessed correctly and 11 guessed incorrectly. Calculate the P-value  for this result. The null distribution is the same as that shown in Figure 6.2-1, and the probabilities of each outcome are given in Table 6.2-1.

e. What is the conclusion from your test?

f. What should be your next step, once you have completed the hypothesis test, to help interpret your findings and to determine the most-plausible range of values for the population parameter,P?