Spot the flaw. In an experimental study of gender and wages, Moss-Racusin et al. (2012) presented professors from research-intensive universities each with a job application for a laboratory manager position. The application was randomly assigned a male or female name, and the professors were asked to state the starting salary they would offer the candidate if hired. The average starting salary reported is compared in the following figure between applications with male names and female names. (The vertical lines at the top edge of each bar are “standard error bars”—we’ll learn about them in Chapter 4.)

a. Identify at least two of the four principles of good graph design that are violated.

b. What alternative graph type is ideal for these data?

c. Identify the main pattern in the data (interestingly, this pattern was similar when male professors and female professors were examined separately).

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31000- 30000 29000 28000 27000 26000 25000 Male Salary Female