Consider in general terms similarities and differences between the evolution and emergence
of structure in (1) biological ecosystems and (2) sociological structures and building blocks of society.
(a) Which emergent structures can we identify with confidence?
(b) To what extent can the evolutionary dynamics be reduced and explained in terms of the dynamics of these emergent building blocks?
(c) Is it possible to describe the functioning and development of biological and social systems without the use of concepts such as biological species or social classes?
(d) Are biological species or social classes examples of epistemic emergence or ontological emergence, see Project 1 above.