One element of transformational leadership referred to in this chapter is charisma. Research shows that it is a universal attribute of good leadership. However, certain facets of charisma are valued differently in different countries. Pinpoint which aspects of the leadership dimension outlined in Table 8.1 prevail in your country, especially in domestic companies.

Table 8.1

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Charismatic/value-based leadership Team-oriented leadership Participative leadership Humane-oriented leadership Autonomous leadership Self-protective leadership Reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance outcomes from others based on firmly held core values. It includes six sub- scales labelled visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificial, integrity, decisive, and performance oriented Reflects effective team-building and implementation of a common purpose or goal among team members. It includes five sub-scales labelled team collaborative, team integrator, diplomatic, malevolent (reverse scored) and administratively competent Reflects the degree to which managers involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes two sub-scales labelled autocratic (reverse scored) and participative Reflects supportive and considerate leadership but also includes compassion and generosity. It includes two sub-scales labelled humane orientation and modesty Refers to independent and individualistic leadership. This is a newly defined leadership dimension that has not previously appeared in the literature. It includes a single sub-scale labelled autonomous Focuses on ensuring the safety and security of the individual. This leadership dimension includes five subscales labelled self-centred, status-conscious, conflict inducer, face saving and procedural