The 2012 Restaurant Industry Forecast takes a closer look at today’s consumers. Based on a 2011 National Restaurant Association survey, consumers are divided into three segments (optimistic, cautious, and hunkered-down) based on their financial situation, current spending behavior, and economic outlook. Suppose the results, based on a sample of 100 males and 100 females, were as follows:

If a consumer is selected at random, what is the probability that he or she 

a. Is classified as cautious? 

b. Is classified as optimistic or cautious? 

c. Is a male or is classified as hunkered-down? 

d. Is a male and is classified as hunkered-down? 

e. Given that the consumer selected is a female, what is the probability that she is classified as optimistic?

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GENDER CONSUMER SEGMENT Male Optimistic Cautious Hunkered-down Total Female 16 43 41 100 Total 42 84 74 200 26 41 100