The FL Crime data file on the text CD has data for the 67 counties in Florida on y = crime rate: Annual number of crimes in county per 1000 population x1 = education: Percentage of adults in county with at least a high school education x2 = urbanization: Percentage in county living in an urban environment. The figure shows a scatterplot matrix. The correlations are 0.47 between crime rate and education, 0.68 between crime rate and urbanization, and 0.79 between education and urbanization. MINITAB multiple regression results are also displayed.

Scatterplot matrix for crime rate, education, and urbanization.
Multiple regression for y = crime rate, x1= education, and x2= urbanization.

a. Find the predicted crime rate for a county that has 0% in an urban environment and (i) 70% high school graduation rate and (ii) 80% high school graduation rate.
b. Use results from part a to explain how education affects the crime rate, controlling for urbanization, interpreting the slope coefficient -0.58 of education.
c. Using the prediction equation, show that the equation relating crime rate and education when urbanization is fixed at (i) 0, (ii) 50, and (iii) 100, is as follows:

Sketch a plot with these lines and use it to interpret the effect of education on crime rate, controlling for urbanization.
d. The scatterplot matrix shows that education has a positive association with crime rate, but the multiple regression equation shows that the association is negative when we keep x2 = urbanization fixed. The reversal in the association is an example of Simpson€™s paradox (See Example 16 in Sec. 3.4 and Example 17 in Sec. 10.5). Consider the hypothetical figure that follows. Sketch lines that represent (i) the bivariate relationship, ignoring the information on urbanization and (ii) the relationship for counties having urbanization = 50. Use this figure and the correlations provided to explain how Simpson€™s paradox can happen.

Hypothetical scatterplot for crime rate and education, labeling by urbanization.

607080 100 crime 50 0 education 100 urbanization 0 100 50 100 Predictor Constant education urbanization 0.6825 0.1232 5.54 0.000 Coef SE Coef T 59.12 28.37 -0.5834 0.4725 1.23 0.221 2.08 0.041 x, v = 59.1-0.58x + 0.68x 0 y=59.1-0.58x1 50 y 93.2 0.58x 100 127.4 0.58x Crime Rate Counties with urbanization 100 Counties with urbanization 50 Counties with urbanization 0 Education