The following data were obtained from a conventional triaxial compression test on a saturated (B = 1), normally consolidated simple clay (Ladd, 1964). The cell pressure was held constant at 10 kPa, while the axial stress was increased to failure (axial compression test).

(a) Plot the ∆σ and ∆u versus axial strain curves. Determine Af.

(b) Plot the total and effective stress paths for the AC test.

(c) What is ∅' (Assume c' = 0 for normally consolidated clay.)?

() Aoasial (kPa) Panial (%) 3.5 1.9 4.5 2.8 4 5.2 3.5 3.9 6. 5.4 5.6 4.1 5.7 4.3 10 12 5.8 failure 4.4