The reduced form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+, Chemical Highlight 8-1) is abbreviated NADH. In the presence of a variety of enzyme catalysts, it acts as a biological hydride donor, capable of reducing aldehydes and ketones to alcohols, according to the general formula

The COOH functional group of carboxylic acids is not reduced. Write the products of the NADH reduction of each of the molecules below.
(a)

(b)

(c)

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он RCR NADH+ H RCHR + NAD 0 Alcohol dehydrogenase CH,CH + NADH → Lactate dehydrogenase 2-0xopropanoic acid (Pyruvic acid) Lactic acid Malate dehydrogenase HOCCH2CCOH +NADH 2-0xobutanedioic acid Malic acid Oxaloacetic acid)