Question: Use truth tables to determine whether the following symbolized statements are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent. 1. N (N N) 2. (G G)

Use truth tables to determine whether the following symbolized statements are tautologous, self-contradictory, or contingent.

1. N ⊃ (N ⊃ N)

2. (G ⊃ G) ⊃ G

3. (S ⊃ R) ­ ∙ (S ­∙ ∼ ­R)

4. [(E ⊃ F) ⊃ F] ⊃ E

5. (∼­K ⊃ H) ≡ ∼(H ∨ K)

6. (M ⊃ P) ∨ ∼ (P ⊃ M)

7. [(Z ⊃ X) ­∙ (X ∨ Z)] ⊃ X

8. [(C ⊃ D) ∙­∼ ­C] ⊃ ∼ ­D

9. [X ⊃ (R ⊃ F)] ≡ [(X ⊃ R) ⊃ F ]

10. [G ⊃ (N ⊃ ­∼G)] ∙ [(N ≡ G) ∙­ (N ∨ G)]

11. [(Q ⊃ P) ∙­ (­∼Q ⊃ R)] ∙­ ∼ ­(P ∨ R)

12. [(H ⊃ N) ∙­ (T ⊃ N)] ⊃ [(H ∨ T) ⊃ N]

13. [U ∙­ (T ∨ S)] ≡ [(­T ∨ ­∼ U) ∙­ (­S ∨ ­U)]

14. {[(G ∙­ N) ⊃  H] ∙­ [(G ⊃ H) ⊃ P]} ⊃ (N ⊃ P )

15. [(F ∨ E) ­∙ (G ∨ H)] ≡ [(G ∙­ E) ∨ (F ∙­ H)]

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