We have three ways to find the orthogonal projection of a vector into a line, the Definition 1.1 way from the first subsection of this section, the Example 3.2 and 3.3 way of representing the vector with respect to a basis for the space and then keeping the M part, and the way of Theorem 3.8. For these cases, do all three ways.
(a)

(b)

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M = {(:) x+y = 0} -3