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medical sciences
biology

Questions and Answers of Biology

Trace the path of sperm. What glands contribute fluids to semen?
During pregnancy, a. The ovari an and uterine cycles occur more quickly than before. b. GnRH is produced at a higher level than before. c. The ovarian and uterine cycles do not occur. d. The female
Female oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy because a. The pill inhibits the release of luteinizing hormone. b. Oral contraceptives prevent the release of an egg. c. Follicle-stimulating hormone is
Match each method of protection with a means of birth control in the key. Key: a. Vasectomy b. Oral contraception c. Intrauterine device (IUD) d. Diaphragm e. Male condom 22. Blocks entrance of sperm
Where are sperm produced in the testes? What is the process called? Where is testosterone produced in the testes?
Name the hormones invoked in maintaining the sex characteristics of the male, and tell what each does
What are the organs of the female reproductive tract and their functions?
Describe the ovarian cycle in a non pregnant female and the hormones involved.
Describe the uterine cycle in a non pregnant female, and relate it to the ovarian cycle,
Describe the hormonal role of the placenta.
Briefly describe various birth control methods, along with their effectiveness,
Besides tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs, what other potential risks should a pregnant woman avoid? Why?
Do you approve of the restrictions currently in place for therapeutic c toning? If not, how would you see these restrictions changed?
Describe the events that occur during fertilization.
Discuss how aging occurs at both the cellular and organismal (body) level.
Only one sperm enters an egg because a. sperm have an acrosome. b. the corona radiata gets larger c. changes occur in the zona pellucida. d. the cytoplasm hardens. e. All of these are correct.
When all three germ layers are present (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm), what event has occurred? a. Blastulation b. Limb formation c. Gastrulation d. Morulation
Which of these is not a process of development? a. Cleavage b. Parturition c. Growth d. Morphogenesis e. differentiation
Which of these is mismatched? a. Chorion-sense perception b. Yolk sac-first site of blood cell formation c. Allantois- umbilical blood vessels d. Amnion-contains fluid that protects embryo
In human development, which part of the blastocyst will develop in to a embryo? a. Trophoblast b. Inner cell mass c. Chorion d. Yolk sac
Which primary germ layer is not correctly matched to an organ system or org an that develops from it? a. Ectoderm- the nervous sys tern b. End oderm-lining of the digestive tract c. Mesoderm-skeletal
Human chorionic gonadotropin is a a. Hormone. b. Basis of pregnancy test. c. Cause of ectopic pregnancy. d. Both a and b are correct.
Which is a correct sequence that ends with the stage that implants? a. Morula, blastocyst. embryonic disk, gastrula b. Ovulation. fertilization, cleavage, morula, earty blastocyst c. Embryonic disk,
Differentiation is equivalent to which term? a. Morphogenesis b. Growth c. Specialization d. Gastrulation
Explain why development is divided into pre-embryonic, embryonic, and fetal development phases.
Which process refers to the shaping of the embryo and invokes cell migration? a. Cleavage b. Differentiation c. Growth d. Morphogenesis
Which association is not correct? a. Third and fourth months-fetal heart has formed . but it does not beat b. Fifth through seventh months-mother feels movement c. Eighth through ninth months-usually
At three months, the embryo has a. Become a fetus. b. Body systems already. c. A head, arms, and legs. d. Ears and eyes, which don't function. e. All but b are correct.
Which of these structures is not a circulatory feature unique to the fetus? a. Arterial duct b. Oval opening c. Umbilical vein d. Pulmonary trunk
Which of these statements is correct? a. Fetal circulation, like adult circulation, takes blood equally to a pulmonary circuit and a systemic circuit. b. Fetal circulation shunts blood away from the
Which of these is a hormone invoked in development of male and female sex organs?a. Estrogenb. Anti-Mullerian hormonec. Dihydrotestosteroned. Testosteronee. All of these hormones are involved.
After each cell division, these chromosomal structures shorten, thus regulating the life span of a cell. a. Mitochondria b. Free radicals c. Telomeres d. Plasma membranes
Lebel this diagram illustrating the placement of the extrambryonic membranes.
What are the three primary germ layers, and what body structures come from each germ layer?
Briefly summarize the weekly events enbryonic development.
Briefly summarize the monthly events of fetal development.
Explain how blood circulates to and from the placenta and the fetus. How is blood shunted away from the lungs?
List the hormones involved in the development of the male and female internal and external sex organs and state their functions.
Describe some of the changes that occur in the mother during pregnancy.
What event marks the end of each stage of birth?
Describe the two parts of the cell cycle,
Contrast mitosis and meiosis I and meiosis II.
What is nondisjunction, when can it occur, and what are the results?
What are some syndromes caused by changes in chromosome number, and what is the change for each?
Describe three changes that occur in chromosome structure.
The point of attachment for two sister chromatids is the a. Centriole. c. Chromosome. b. Centromere, d. Karyotype.
Label the drawing of the cell cycle: then tell the main event of each stage.
Match the statement to interphase or the phase of mitosis in the key. Key a. Metaphase b. Interphase c. Telophase d. Prophase e. Anaphase Spindle fibers begin to appear
match the statement to interphase or the phase of mitosis in the key. Key a. metaphase d. prophase b. interphase e. anaphase c. telophase DNA synthesis occurs
Match the statement to interphase or the phase of mitosis in the key. Key: a. Metaphase b. Interphase e. Anaphase c. Telophase d. Prophase Chromosomes line up at the equator.
Match the statement to interphase or the phase of mitosis in the key. Key a. Metaphase b. Interphase c. Telophase d. Prophase e. Anaphase Duplicated chromosomes become visible.
Explain how the checkpoints regulate the cell cycle,
Match the statement to interphase or the phase of mitosis in the key. Key a. Metaphase b. Interphase c. Telophase d. Prophase e. Anaphase Centromere splits and sister chromosomes move to opposite
If a parent cell has 18 chromosomes before mitosis, how many chromosomes will the daughter cells have? a. 18 b. 36 c. 9 d. 27
Crossing-over occurs between a. Sister chromatids of the same chromosome. b. Chromatids of nonhomologous chromosomes. c. Nonsister chromatids of a homologous pair. d. Both b and c are correct.
The products of ----------- are-----------cells. a. Mitois diploid b. Meiosis, haploid c. Meiosisdiplod d. Both a and b are correct
If a parent cell has 22 chromosomes, the daughter cells following meiosis II will have a. 22 chromosomes. b. 44 chromosomes. c. 11 chromosomes. d. Any of these could be correct.
Which of these helps to ensure that genetic diversity will be maintained? a. Independent alignment during metaphase I b. Crossing-over during prophase I c. Fusion of sperm and egg nuclei during
Monosomy or trisomy occurs because of a. Crossing-over b. Inversion c. Transk>cation d. Nondisjunction
A person with Klinefelter syndrome is a. Male.XXY b. Male.XXY c. Female.XXY d. Female.XO
Aliy would having an extra set of X chromosome genes be a problem for a female7
How do external signals, such as hormones, influence the cell cycle?
What is the function of the mitotic spindle?
What is the importance of mitosis?
How do the terms diploid (2n) and haploid (n) relate to meiosis?
List and describe the events in meiosis I and meiosis II.
How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis?
What is the significance of meiosis?
What characteristics of cancer cells would make HeLa cells immortal?
What other uses do you think are possible for these cells?
List and briefly discuss the seven characteristics of cancer cell that cause them to be abnormal?
Growth factors lead to? a. increased cell division. b. the functioning of cyclin proteins. c. progression through the cell cycle. d. All of these are correct.
Which of these is not true of the gene p53? a. Mutations of both proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes lead to inactivity of p53. b. Normalty.p53 functions to stop the cell cycle and initiate
Following each cell cycle, telomeres? a. Get longer b. Get shorter. c. Return to the same length. d. Bind to cyclin proteins.
Angiogenesis a. stimulates the development of new blood vessels. b. activates tumor suppressor genes. c. changes proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. d. promotes metastasis.
A tumor with cells that spread to secondary locations is referred to as a. Benign. b. Cancer in situ. c. Metastatic. d. Lymphatic.
Which of the following is not a type of carcinogen?a. Tobacco smokeb. Radiationc. Pollutantsd. Virusese. All of these are carcinogens.
What type of cancer is associated with human papilloma viruses? a. Breast b. cervical c. kidney d. lymphatic
Why is cancer called a genetic disease? a. Cancer is always inherited. b. Carcinogenesis is accompanied by mutations. c. Cancer causes mutations that are passed on to offspring. d. All of these are
Leukemia is a form of cancer that affects a. Lymphatic tissue. b. Bone tissue. c. Blood-forming cells. d. Nervous system structures.
Which is the name of the tumor suppressor gene that causes retinoblastoma? a. p21 c. ras b. RB d. TGF-b
What are the roles of the two genes that mutate, causing cancer to develop?
Concerning the causes of cancer, which one is incorrect? a. Genetic mutations cause cancer. b. Genetic mutations can be caused by environmental influences, such as radiation, organic chemicals, and
Which of the following is not a warning signal for cancer? a. A sore that does not heal b. Change in bowel or bladder habits c. Nagging cough or hoarseness d. Shortness of breath or fatigue
Following a biopsy, what does a doctor look for to diagnose cancer? a. Abnormal-appearing cells. b. Whether the cells can divide. c. Whether the cells will respond to growth factors. d. Whether the
Most chemotherapeutic drugs kill cells by a. producing pores in plasma membranes. b. interfering with protein synthesis. c. interfering with cellular respiration. d. interfering with DNA and/or
p53 gene therapy a. Triggers cytotoxic T cells to destroy tumor cells. b. Triggers apoptosis in cancer cells. c. Produces monoclonal antibodies against the tumor cells. d. Reduces tumors by breaking
What is the difference a carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and lymphoma?
What is the role of heredity and the environment in causing cancer?
What are the seven warning signals of cancer?
List and describe three tests designed to detect cancer?
Describe three standard therapies for cancer treatment?
Describe some newer therapies that may be successful in cancer treatment?
Whereas ________ stimulate the cell cycle. __________ inhibit the cell cycle? a. Tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes. b. Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes. c. Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes. d.
Of the two diagnostic described, does either seem more ethically responsible? Why?
Caring for an individual with a genetic condition can be very costly. Should society require pre-implantation studies for the carriers of a genetic disease?
What was the probability mat Alice's and Louis's sons would have hemophilia? Daughters? How does that relate to the actual occurrence n their children?
Assume that the mutation for hemophilia did not originate with Victoria. What does this tell you about the genotypes of her parents?
Distinguish between the phenotype and genotype, and explain why the phenotype does not always give the complete genotype. Explain in terms of phenotype and genotype?
How is an X-linked trait different from an autosomal trait? Show a pedigree of an X-linked trait?

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