1. In how many ways can a selection of at least one tie be made from a set of eight ties?
2. In how many ways can a selection of at most five desserts be made from a dessert trolley containing six desserts?
3. Armand's Chicago Pizzeria offers thin-crust and deep-dish pizzas in 9-, 12-, and 14-inch sizes, with 13 possible toppings. How many different types of pizzas with no duplicate toppings can be ordered?
4. An ice cream parlor offers four flavors of ice cream, three sauces, and two types of nuts. How many different sundaes consisting of a single flavor of ice cream plus one or more toppings are possible?