Question: (a) If G = (V, E) is an undirected graph with |V| = v, |E| = e, and no loops, prove that 2e v2

(a) If G = (V, E) is an undirected graph with |V| = v, |E| = e, and no loops, prove that 2e ≤ v2 - v.
(b) State the corresponding inequality for the case when G is directed.

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