According to Exercise 7.3.9. any (n + 1) x (n + 1) matrix of the block form

in which A is an n x n matrix and b ˆˆ Rn can be identified with the affine transformation F[x] = Ax + a on Rn. Exercise 9.4.46 shows that every matrix in the one-parameter group etB generated by

has such a form, and hence we can identify etB as a family of affine maps on Describe the affine transformations of generated by the following matrices:
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

100 020 010 2 1 0 120 0-0 100