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chemistry
organic chemistry
Questions and Answers of
Organic Chemistry
In the thorium decay series, thorium-232 loses a total of 6 α particles and 4 β particles in a 10-stage process. What is the final isotope produced?
Strontium-90 is one of the products of the fission of uranium-235. This strontium isotope is radioactive, with a half-life of 28.1 yr. Calculate how long (in yr) it will take for 1.00 g of the
Consider the decay series A → B → C → D where A, B, and C are radioactive isotopes with half-lives of 4.50 s, 15.0 days, and 1.00 s, respectively, and D is nonradioactive. Starting with 1.00
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following reactions and identify X:
Write balanced nuclear equations for the following reactions and identify X:
Describe how you would prepare astatine-211, starting with bismuth-209.
A long-cherished dream of alchemists was to produce gold from cheaper and more abundant elements. This dream was finally realized when 19880Hg was converted into gold by neutron bombardment. Write a
Describe how you would use a radioactive iodine isotope to demonstrate that the following process is in dynamic equilibrium:
Consider the following redox reaction:
Explain how you might use a radioactive tracer to show that ions are not completely motionless in crystals.
Complete the following nuclear equations and identify X in each case:
Each molecule of hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in blood, contains four Fe atoms. Explain how you would use the radioactive 2659Fe (t1/2 = 46 days) to show that the iron in a certain food is
Nuclei with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons are more stable than those with an odd number of protons and/or an odd number of neutrons. What is the significance of the even
Tritium, 3H, is radioactive and decays by electron emission. Its half-life is 12.5 yr. In ordinary water the ratio of 1H to 3H atoms is 1.0 × 1017 to 1. (a) Write a balanced nuclear equation for
(a) What is the activity, in millicuries, of a 0.500-g sample of 23793Np? (This isotope decays by α-particle emission and has a half-life of 2.20 × 106 yr.) (b) Write a balanced nuclear equation
The following equations are for nuclear reactions that are known to occur in the explosion of an atomic bomb. Identify X.
Calculate the nuclear binding energies, in J/nucleon, for the following species: (a) 10B (10.0129 amu), (b) 11B (11.00931 amu), (c) 14N (14.00307 amu), (d) 56Fe (55.9349 amu).
Write complete nuclear equations for the following processes: (a) Tritium, 3H, undergoes β decay; (b) 242Pu undergoes α-particle emission; (c) 131I undergoes β decay; (d) 251Cf emits an α
The nucleus of nitrogen-18 lies above the stability belt. Write an equation for a nuclear reaction by which nitrogen-18 can achieve stability.
Why is strontium-90 a particularly dangerous isotope for humans?
Complete the following nuclear equations and identify X in each case:
After the Chernobyl accident, people living close to the nuclear reactor site were urged to take large amounts of potassium iodide as a safety precaution. What is the chemical basis for this action?
Astatine, the last member of Group 7A, can be prepared by bombarding bismuth-209 with α particles. (a) Write an equation for the reaction. (b) Represent the equation in the abbreviated form, as
To detect bombs that may be smuggled onto airplanes, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will soon require all major airports in the United States to install thermal neutron analyzers. The
Explain why achievement of nuclear fusion in the laboratory requires a temperature of about 100 million degrees Celsius, which is much higher than that in the interior of the sun (15 million degrees
Tritium contains one proton and two neutrons. There is no proton-proton repulsion present in the nucleus. Why, then, is tritium radioactive?
The carbon-14 decay rate of a sample obtained from a young tree is 0.260 disintegration per second per gram of the sample. Another wood sample prepared from an object recovered at an archaeological
The usefulness of radiocarbon dating is limited to objects no older than 50,000 yr. What percent of the carbon-14, originally present in the sample, remains after this period of time?
The radioactive potassium-40 isotope decays to argon-40 with a half-life of 1.2 × 109 yr. (a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. (b) A sample of moon rock is found to contain 18 percent
Both barium (Ba) and radium (Ra) are members of Group 2A and are expected to exhibit similar chemical properties. However, Ra is not found in barium ores. Instead, it is found in uranium ores.
Nuclear waste disposal is one of the major concerns of the nuclear industry. In choosing a safe and stable environment to store nuclear wastes, consideration must be given to the heat released during
As a result of being exposed to the radiation released during the Chernobyl nuclear accident, the dose of iodine-131 in a person's body is 7.4 mCi (1 mCi = 1 × 10-3 Ci). Use the relationship rate =
From the definition of curie, calculate Avogadro's number. Given that the molar mass of 226Ra is 226.03 g/mol and that it decays with a half-life of 1.6 × 103 yr.
Since 1998, elements 112, 114, and 116 have been synthesized. Element 112 was created by bombarding 208Pb with 66Zn; element 114 was created by bombarding 244Pu with 48Ca; element 116 was created by
(a) Calculate the energy released when an U-238 isotope decays to Th-234. The atomic masses are given by: U-238: 238.0508 amu; Th-234: 234.0436 amu; He-4: 4.0026 amu. (b) The energy released in (a)
Cobalt-60 is an isotope used in diagnostic medicine and cancer treatment. It decays with γ ray emission. Calculate the wavelength of the radiation in nanometers if the energy of the γ ray is 2.4 ×
Americium-241 is used in smoke detectors because it has a long half-life (458 yr) and its emitted α particles are energetic enough to ionize air molecules. Given the schematic diagram
Name two advantages of a nuclear-powered submarine over a conventional submarine.
In 1997 a scientist at a nuclear research center in Russia placed a thin shell of copper on a sphere of highly enriched uranium-235. Suddenly, there was a huge burst of radiation, which turned the
A radioactive isotope of copper decays as follows:Starting with 84.0 g of 64Cu, calculate the quantity of 64Zn produced after 18.4 h.
A 0.0100-g sample of a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 1.3 × 109 yr decays at the rate of 2.9 × 104 dpm. Calculate the molar mass of the isotope.
The half-life of 27Mg is 9.50 min. (a) Initially there were 4.20 × 1012 27Mg nuclei present. How many 27Mg nuclei are left 30.0 min later? (b) Calculate the 27Mg activities (in Ci) at t = 0 and t =
The radioactive isotope 238Pu, used in pacemakers, decays by emitting an alpha particle with a half-life of 86 yr. (a) Write an equation for the decay process. (b) The energy of the emitted alpha
(a) Assuming nuclei are spherical in shape, show that its radius (r) is proportional to the cube root of mass number (A). (b) In general, the radius of a nucleus is given by r = r0A1/3, where r0, the
The quantity of a radioactive material is often measured by its activity (measured in curies or millicuries) rather than by its mass. In a brain scan procedure, a 70-kg patient is injected with 20.0
Describe, with appropriate equations, nuclear processes that lead to the formation of the noble gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn.
Modern designs of atomic bombs contain, in addition to uranium or plutonium, small amounts of tritium and deuterium to boost the power of explosion. What is the role of tritium and deuterium in these
Alpha particles produced from radioactive decays eventually pick up electrons from the surroundings to form helium atoms. Calculate the volume (mL) of He collected at STP when 1.00 g of pure 226Ra is
In 2006, an ex-KGB agent was murdered in London. Subsequent investigation showed that the cause of death was poisoning with the radioactive isotope 210Po, which was added to his drinks/food. (a)
An electron and a positron are accelerated to nearly the speed of light before colliding in a particle accelerator. The ensuing collision produces an exotic particle having a mass many times that of
Draw all possible structural isomers for the following alkane: C7H16.
How many distinct chloropentanes, C5H11Cl, could be produced in the direct chlorination of n-pentane, CH3(CH2)3CH3? Draw the structure of each molecule.
Draw all possible isomers for the molecule C3H5Br.
The structural isomers of pentane, C5H12, have quite different boiling points. Explain the observed variation in boiling point, in terms of structure.
Discuss how you can determine which of the following compounds might be alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, or alkynes, without drawing their formulas: (a) C6H12. (b) C4H6. (c) C5H12. (d) C7H14, (e) C3H4.
Draw the structures of cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene. Which of the two compounds would have the higher heat of hydrogenation? Explain.
Would you expect cyclobutadiene to be a stable molecule? Explain.
How many different isomers can be derived from ethylene if two hydrogen atoms are replaced by a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom? Draw their structures and name them. Indicate which are structural
Suggest two chemical tests that would help you distinguish between these two compounds: (a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) adds to the double bond of alkenes as H+ and -OSO3H. Predict the products when sulfuric acid reacts with (a) Ethylene and (b) Propene.
Acetylene is an unstable compound. It has a tendency to form benzene as follows: 3C2H2(g) → C6H6(l) Calculate the standard enthalpy change in kilojoules per mole for this reaction at 25°C.
Predict products when HBr is added to (a) 1-butene. (b) 2-butene.
Geometric isomers are not restricted to compounds containing the CPC bond. For example, certain disubstituted cycloalkanes can exist in the cis and the trans forms. Label the following molecules as
Name the following compounds:(a)(b) (c) (d) (e) CH3-C¡C-CH2-CH3 (f)
Write structural formulas for the following organic compounds: (a) 3-methylhexane. (b) 1,3,5-trichlorocyclohexane. (c) 2,3-dimethylpentane. (d) 2-bromo-4-phenylpentane. (e) 3,4,5-trimethyloctane.
Write structural formulas for the following compounds: (a) Trans-2-pentene. (b) 2-ethyl-1-butene, (c) 4-ethyl-trans-2-heptene. (d) 3-phenyl-butyne.
Write structures for the following compounds: (a) 1-bromo-3-methylbenzene, (b) 1-chloro-2-propylbenzene, (c) 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene
Name the following compounds:
Draw structures for molecules with the following formulas: (a) CH4O. (b) C2H6O. (c) C3H6-2. (d) C3H8O.
(a) CH3-O-CH2-CH3(b) CH3-CH2-NH2(c)(d) (e) (f) (g)
Generally aldehydes are more susceptible to oxidation in air than are ketones. Use acetaldehyde and acetone as examples and show why ketones such as acetone are more stable than aldehydes in this
Complete the following equation and identify the products: HCOOH + CH3OH →
A compound has the empirical formula C5H12O. Upon controlled oxidation, it is converted into a compound of empirical formula C5H10O, which behaves as a ketone. Draw possible structures for the
A compound having the molecular formula C4H10O does not react with sodium metal. In the presence of light, the compound reacts with Cl2 to form three compounds having the formula C4H9OCl. Draw a
Predict the product or products of each of the following reactions:(a) CH3CH2OH + HCOOH (b) HOC¡C-CH3 + H2 (c)
Identify the functional groups in each of the following molecules: (a) CH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3 (b) CH3COOC2H5 (c) CH3CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3
Draw all the possible structural isomers for the molecule having the formula C7H7Cl. The molecule contains one benzene ring.
Given these datacalculate the heat of hydrogenation for acetylene: C2H2(g) + H2(g) C2H4(g)
State which member of each of the following pairs of compounds is the more reactive and explain why: (a) Propane and cyclopropane. (b) Ethylene and methane. (c) Acetaldehyde and acetone.
State which of the following types of compounds can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules: (a) Carboxylic acids. (b) Alkenes. (c) Ethers. (d) Aldehydes, (e) Alkanes. (f) Amines.
An organic compound is found to contain 37.5 percent carbon, 3.2 percent hydrogen, and 59.3 percent fluorine by mass. The following pressure and volume data were obtained for 1.00 g of this substance
State at least one commercial use for each of the following compounds: (a) 2-propanol (isopropanol), (b) Acetic acid. (c) Naphthalene. (d) Methanol. (e) Ethanol, (f) Ethylene glycol. (g) Methane. (h)
How many liters of air (78 percent N2, 22 percent O2 by volume) at 20°C and 1.00 atm are needed for the complete combustion of 1.0 L of octane, C8H18, a typical gasoline component that has a density
How many carbon-carbon sigma bonds are present in each of the following molecules? (a) 2-butyne. (b) Anthracene (c) 2,3-dimethylpentane
How many carbon-carbon sigma bonds are present in each of the following molecules? (a) Benzene, (b) Cyclobutane. (c) 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane
The combustion of 20.63 mg of compound Y, which contains only C, H, and O, with excess oxygen gave 57.94 mg of CO2 and 11.85 mg of H2O. (a) Calculate how many milligrams of C, H, and O were present
Draw all the structural isomers of compounds with the formula C4H8Cl2. Indicate which isomers are chiral and give them systematic names.
The combustion of 3.795 mg of liquid B, which contains only C, H, and O, with excess oxygen gave 9.708 mg of CO2 and 3.969 mg of H2O. In a molar mass determination, 0.205 g of B vaporized at 1.00 atm
Beginning with 3-methyl-1-butyne, show how you would prepare the following compounds:(a)(b) (c)
Indicate the asymmetric carbon atoms in the following compounds:(a)(b)
Suppose benzene contained three distinct single bonds and three distinct double bonds. How many different isomers would there be for dichlorobenzene (C6H4Cl2)? Draw all your proposed structures.
Write the structural formula of an aldehyde that is a structural isomer of acetone.
Draw structures for the following compounds: (a) Cyclopentane. (b) Cis-2-butene. (c) 2-hexanol, (d) 1,4-dibromobenzene. (e) 2-butyne.
Name the classes to which the following compounds belong: (a) C4H9OH (b) CH3OC2H5 (c) C2H5CHO (d) C6H5COOH (e) CH3NH2
Ethanol, C2H5OH, and dimethyl ether, CH3OCH3, are structural isomers. Compare their melting points, boiling points, and solubilities in water.
Amines are Brønsted bases. The unpleasant smell of fish is due to the presence of certain amines. Explain why cooks often add lemon juice to suppress the odor of fish (in addition to enhancing the
You are given two bottles, each containing a colorless liquid. You are told that one liquid is cyclohexane and the other is benzene. Suggest one chemical test that would allow you to distinguish
Give the chemical names of the following organic compounds and write their formulas: marsh gas, grain alcohol, wood alcohol, rubbing alcohol, antifreeze, mothballs, chief ingredient of vinegar.
The compound CH3-C≡COCH3 is hydrogenated to an alkene using platinum as the catalyst. Predict whether the product is the pure trans isomer, the pure cis isomer, or a mixture of cis and trans
How many asymmetric carbon atoms are present in each of the following compounds?(a)(b) (c)
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