Dave Foreman, cost accounting manager for Calzado Products, was asked to determine the costs of the activities performed within the company’s engineering department. The department has the following activities: creating bills of materials (BOMs), studying manufacturing capabilities, improving manufacturing processes, training employees, and designing tools. The general ledger accounts reveal the following expenditures for manufacturing engineering:
Salaries ....... $500,000
Equipment ...... 100,000
Supplies ....... 30,000
Total ......... $630,000
The equipment is used for two activities: improving processes and designing tools. The equipment’s time is divided by two activities: 40 percent for improving processes and 60 percent for designing tools. The salaries are for nine engineers, one who earns $100,000 and eight who earn $50,000 each. The $100,000 engineer spends 40 percent of her time training employees in new processes and 60 percent of her time on improving processes. One engineer spends 100 percent of her time on designing tools, and another engineer spends 100 percent of his time on improving processes. The remaining six engineers spend equal time on all activities. Supplies are consumed in the following proportions:
Creating BOMs ....... 10%
Studying capabilities ..... 5
Improving processes ..... 35
Training employees ...... 20
Designing tools ....... 30
After determining the costs of the engineering activities, Dave was then asked to describe how these costs would be assigned to jobs produced within the factory. (The company manufactures machine parts on a job-order basis.) Dave responded that creating BOMs and designing tools were the only primary activities in the engineering department. The remaining were secondary activities. After some analysis, Dave concluded that studying manufacturing capabilities was an activity that enabled the other four activities to be realized. He also noted that all of the employees being trained are manufacturing workers—employees who work directly on the products. The major manufacturing activities are cutting, drilling, lathing, welding, and assembly. The costs of these activities are assigned to the various products using hours of usage (grinding hours, drilling hours, etc.). Furthermore, tools were designed to enable the production of specific jobs. Finally, the process improvement activity focused only on the five major manufacturing activities.

Required:
1. What is meant by unbundling general ledger costs? Why is it necessary?
2. What is the difference between a general ledger database system and an activity-based database system?
3. Using the resource drivers and direct tracing, calculate the costs of each manufacturing engineering activity. What are the resource drivers?
4. Describe in detail how the costs of the engineering activities would be assigned to jobs using activity-based costing. Include a description of the activity drivers that might be used. Where appropriate, identify both a possible transaction driver and a possible duration driver.