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engineering
mechanical engineering
Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach 8th edition Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles - Solutions
An engineer has proposed mixing extra oxygen with normal air in internal combustion engines to control some of the exhaust products. If an additional 5 percent (by volume) of oxygen is mixed with standard atmospheric air, how will this change the mixture's molecular weight?
A rigid tank that contains 2 kg of N2 at 25oC and 550 kPa is connected to another rigid tank that contains 4 kg of O2 at 25o and 150 kPa. The valve connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix. If the final mixture temperature is 25oC, determine the volume of each tank
A mixture of gases consists of 0.4 kg of oxygen, 0.7 kg of carbon dioxide, and 0.2 kg of helium. This mixture is maintained at 100 kPa and 27oC. Determine the apparent molecular weight of this mixture, the volume it occupies, the partial volume of the oxygen, and the partial pressure of the helium.
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases is composed of 60 percent methane, 25 percent propane, and 15 percent butane by weight. Determine the volume occupied by 100 kg of this mixture when its pressure is 3 MPa and its temperature is 37oC.
A rigid tank contains 8 kmol of O2 and 10 kmol of CO2 gases at 290 K and 150 kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank.
Repeat Prob. 13-35 for a temperature of 400 K. Prob. 13-35 A rigid tank contains 8 kmol of O2 and 10 kmol of CO2 gases at 290 K and 150 kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank.
A 30 percent (by mass) ethane and 70 percent methane mixture is to be blended in a 100-m3 tank at 130 kPa and 25oC. If the tank is initially evacuated, to what pressure should ethane be added before methane is added?
A mixture is 35 percent by volume liquid water, whose density is 62.4 lbm/ft3, that is mixed with another fluid, whose density is 50.0 lbm/ft3. What is the specific weight, in lbf/ft3, of this mixture at a location where g = 31.9 ft/s2?
A mixture of air and methane is formed in the inlet manifold of a natural gas-fueled internal combustion engine. The mole fraction of the methane is 15 percent. This engine is operated at 3000 rpm and has a 5-L displacement. Determine the mass flow rate of this mixture in the manifold where the
Natural gas (95 percent methane and 5 percent ethane by volume) flows through a 36-in-diameter pipeline with a velocity of 10 ft/s. The pressure in the pipeline is 100 psia, and the temperature is 60oF. Calculate the mass and volumetric flow rates in this pipe.
A gaseous mixtures consists of 75 percent methane and 25 percent ethane by mass. One million cubic feet of this mixture is trapped in a geological formation as natural gas at 300oF and 2000 psia. Determine the mass of this gas (a) Treating it as an ideal gas mixture. (b) Using a compressibility
The volumetric analysis of a mixture of gases is 30 percent oxygen, 40 percent nitrogen, 10 percent carbon dioxide, and 20 percent methane. This mixture flows through a 1.6-cm-diameter pipe at 8000 kPa and 15oC with a velocity of 5 m/s. Determine the volumetric and mass flow rates of this
A rigid tank contains 1 lbmol of argon gas at 400 R and 750 psia. A valve is now opened, and 3 lbmol of N2 gas is allowed to enter the tank at 340 R and 1200 psia. The final mixture temperature is 360 R. Determine the pressure of the mixture, using (a) The ideal-gas equation of state. (b) The
The volumetric analysis of mixture of gases is 30 percent oxygen, 40 percent nitrogen, 10 percent carbon dioxide, and 20 percent methane. This mixture is heated from 20oC to 200oC while flowing through a tube in which the pressure is maintained at 150 kPa. Determine the heat transfer to the mixture
A process requires a mixture that is 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, and 1 percent argon by volume. All three gases are supplied from separate tanks to an adiabatic, constant-pressure mixing chamber at 200 kPa but at different temperatures. The oxygen enters at 10oC, the nitrogen at 60oC,
A mixture of helium and nitrogen with a nitrogen mass fraction of 35 percent is contained in a piston-cylinder device arranged to maintain a fixed pressure of 100 psia. Determine the work produced, in Btu/lbm, as this device is heated from 100oF to 500oF.
A mixture that is 20 percent carbon dioxide, 10 percent oxygen, and 70 percent nitrogen by volume undergoes a process from 300 K and 100 kPa to 500 K and 400 kPa. Determine the makeup of the mixture on a mass basis and the enthalpy change per unit mass of mixture.
A 0.9-m3 rigid tank is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One compartment contains Ne at 20oC and 100 kPa, and the other compartment contains Ar at 50oC and 200 kPa. Now the partition is removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Heat is lost to the surrounding air during this
Repeat Prob. 13-54 for a heat loss of 8 kJ. Prob. 13-54 A 0.9-m3 rigid tank is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One compartment contains Ne at 20oC and 100 kPa, and the other compartment contains Ar at 50oC and 200 kPa. Now the partition is removed, and the two gases are allowed
The mass fractions of a mixture of gases are 15 percent nitrogen, 5 percent helium, 60 percent methane, and 20 percent ethane. This mixture is enclosed in a 4 m3 rigid, well-insulated vessel at 150 kPa and 30oC. A paddle wheel in the vessel is turned until 200 kJ of work have been done on the
An insulated tank that contains 1 kg of O2 at 15oC and 300 kPa is connected to a 2-m3 uninsulated tank that contains N2 at 50oC and 500 kPa. The valve connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two gases form a homogeneous mixture at 25oC. Determine(a) The final pressure in the tank.(b) The heat
Reconsider Prob. 13-57. Using EES (or other) software, compare the results obtained assuming ideal-gas behavior with constant specific heats at the average temperature, and using real-gas data obtained from EES by assuming variable specific heats over the temperature range.
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases is composed of 60 percent methane, 25 percent propane, and 15 percent butane by weight. This mixture is compressed from 100 kPa and 20oC to 1000 kPa in a reversible, isothermal, steady-flow compressor. Calculate the work and heat transfer for this compression per unit
Using the definitions of mass and mole fractions, derive a relation between them.
An equimolar mixture of helium and argon gases is to be used as the working fluid in a closed-loop gas-turbine cycle. The mixture enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and 1300 K and expands isentropically to a pressure of 200 kPa. Determine the work output of the turbine per unit mass of the mixture.
The gas passing through the turbine of a simple ideal Brayton cycle has the volumetric composition 20 percent nitrogen, 5 percent oxygen, 40 percent carbon dioxide, and 35 percent water. Calculate the thermal efficiency of this cycle when the air enters the compressor at 10 psia and 408F; the
How does the thermal efficiency of the cycle in Prob. 13-61E compare to that predicted by air standard analysis? Prob. 13-61E The gas passing through the turbine of a simple ideal Brayton cycle has the volumetric composition 20 percent nitrogen, 5 percent oxygen, 40 percent carbon dioxide, and 35
A gaseous mixture consists of 75 percent methane and 25 percent ethane by mass. 2 million cubic feet of this mixture is trapped in a geological formation as natural gas at 300oF and 1300 psia. This natural gas is pumped 6000 ft to the surface. At the surface, the gas pressure is 20 psia and its
A mixture of 65 percent N2 and 35 percent CO2 gases (on a mass basis) enters the nozzle of a turbojet engine at 60 psia and 1400 R with a low velocity and it expands to a pressure of 12 psia. If the isentropic efficiency of the nozzle is 88 percent, determine (a) The exit temperature. (b) The exit
Reconsider Prob. 13-64E. Using EES (or other) software, first solve the stated problem and then, for all other conditions being the same, resolve the problem to determine the composition of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide that is required to have an exit velocity of 2200 ft/s at the nozzle exit.
A piston-cylinder device contains a mixture of 0.8 kg of H2 and 1.2 kg of N2 at 100 kPa and 300 K. Heat is now transferred to the mixture at constant pressure until the volume is doubled. Assuming constant specific heats at the average temperature, determine (a) The heat transfer. (b) The entropy
Ethane (C2H6) at 15oC and 300 kPa and methane (CH4) at 60oC and 300 kPa enter an adiabatic mixing chamber. The mass flow rate of ethane is 6 kg/s, which is twice the mass flow rate of methane. Determine (a) The mixture temperature. (b) The rate of entropy generation during this process, in kW/K.
Reconsider Prob. 13-67. Using EES (or other) software, determine the effect of the mass fraction of methane in the mixture on the mixture temperature and the rate of energy destruction. The total mass flow rate is maintained constant at 9 kg/s, and the mass fraction of methane is varied from 0 to
In an air-liquefaction plant, it is proposed that the pressure and temperature of air that is initially at 1500 psia and 40oF be adiabatically reduced to 15 psia and - 100oF. Using Kay's rule and the departure charts, determine whether this is possible. If so, then how much work per unit mass will
Consider a mixture of two gases A and B. Show that when the mass fractions mfA and mfB are known, the mole fractions can be determined fromwhere MA and MB are the molar masses of A and B.
A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of H2 and 21 kg of N2 at 160 K and 5 MPa. Heat is now transferred to the device, and the mixture expands at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 200 K. Determine the heat transfer during this process by treating the mixture(a) As an ideal gas.(b)
Determine the total entropy change and energy destruction associated with the process described in Prob. 13-70 by treating the mixture (a) As an ideal gas. (b) As a non ideal gas and using Amagat's law. Assume constant specific heats at room temperature and take T0 = 20oC.
Two mass streams of two different ideal gases are mixed in a steady-flow chamber while receiving energy by heat transfer from the surroundings. The mixing process takes place at constant pressure with no work and negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies. Assume the gases have constant
A 2-L liquid at 20oC is mixed with 3 L of another liquid at the same temperature and pressure in an adiabatic container, forming a homogeneous liquid solution. Someone claims that the temperature of the mixture rose to 22oC after mixing. Another person refutes the claim, saying that this would be a
What is an ideal solution? Comment on the volume change, enthalpy change, entropy change, and chemical potential change during the formation of ideal and nonideal solutions.
Brackish water at 18oC with total dissolved solid content of TDS = 780 ppm (a salinity of 0.078 percent on mass basis) is to be used to produce fresh water with negligible salt content at a rate of 175 L/s. Determine the minimum power input required. Also, determine the minimum height to which the
A river is discharging into the ocean at a rate of 150,000 m3/s. Determine the amount of power that can be generated if the river water mixes with the ocean water reversibly. Take the salinity of the ocean to be 2.5 percent on mass basis, and assume both the river and the ocean are at 15oC.
Reconsider Prob. 13-78. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the salinity of the ocean on the maximum power generated. Let the salinity vary from 0 to 5 percent. Plot the power produced versus the salinity of the ocean, and discuss the results.
The composition of moist air is given on a molar basis to be 78 percent N2, 20 percent O2, and 2 percent water vapor. Determine the mass fractions of the constituents of air.
Fresh water is to be obtained from brackish water at 65oF with a salinity of 0.12 percent on mass basis (or TDS = 1200 ppm). Determine (a) The mole fractions of the water and the salts in the brackish water, (b) The minimum work input required to separate 1 lbm of brackish water completely into
A desalination plant produces fresh water from seawater at 10oC with a salinity of 3.2 percent on mass basis at a rate of 1.4m3/s while consuming 8.5 MW of power. The salt content of the fresh water is negligible, and the amount of fresh water produced is a small fraction of the seawater used.
Fresh water is obtained from seawater at a rate of 1.5m3/s by a desalination plant that consumes 11.5 MW of power and has a second-law efficiency of 20 percent. Determine the power that can be produced if the fresh water produced is mixed with the seawater reversibly.
Is it possible for an adiabatic liquid-vapor separator to separate wet steam at 100 psia and 90 percent quality, so that the pressure of the outlet streams is greater than 100 psia?
An ideal gas mixture approximation to the makeup of dry air on a percent by volume basis at 100 kPa is as follows: 78 percent N2, 21 percent O2, and 1 percent Ar. Determine the mole fractions, mass fractions, and the partial pressure of each component. Calculate the apparent molar mass, the
The products of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel and air are composed of 8 kmol CO2, 9 kmol H2O, 4 kmol O2, and 94 kmol N2. If the mixture pressure is 101 kPa, determine the partial pressure of the water vapor in the product gas mixture and the temperature at which the water vapor would begin to
A pipe fitted with a closed valve connects two tanks. One tank contains a 5-kg mixture of 62.5 percent CO2 and 37.5 percent O2 on a mole basis at 30oC and 125 kPa. The second tank contains 10 kg of N2 at 15oC and 200 kPa. The valve in the pipe is opened and the gases are allowed to mix. During the
A piston-cylinder device contains products of combustion from the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with air. The combustion process results in a mixture that has the composition on a volume basis as follows: 4.89 percent carbon dioxide, 6.50 percent water vapor, 12.20 percent oxygen, and 76.41
A mixture of gases consists of 0.1 kg of oxygen, 1 kg of carbon dioxide, and 0.5 kg of helium. This mixture is compressed to 17,500 kPa and 20oC. Determine the mass of this gas contained in a 0.3 m3 tank (a) Treating it as an ideal gas mixture. (b) Using a compressibility factor based on Dalton's
A gas mixture consists of O2 and N2. The ratio of the mole numbers of N2 to O2 is 3:1. This mixture is heated during a steady-flow process from 180 to 210 K at a constant pressure of 8 MPa. Determine the heat transfer during this process per mole of the mixture, using(a) The ideal-gas
A gas mixture has the following composition on a mole basis: 60 percent N2 and 40 percent CO2. Determine the gravimetric analysis of the mixture, its molar mass, and gas constant.
Reconsider Prob. 13-89. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mole fraction of oxygen in the mixture on heat transfer using real-gas behavior with EES data. Let the mole fraction of oxygen vary from 0 to 1. Plot the heat transfer against the mole fraction, and discuss the
Determine the total entropy change and energy destruction associated with the process described in Prob. 13-89, using(a) The ideal-gas approximation.(b) Kay's rule. Assume constant specific heats and T0 = 30oC.
A mixture of ideal gases has a specific heat ratio of k = 1.35 and an apparent molecular weight of M = 32 kg/ kmol. Determine the work, in kJ/kg, required to compress this mixture isentropically in a closed system from 100 kPa and 15oC to 700 kPa. +
A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device contains a mixture of gases whose pressure fractions are 25 percent Ne, 50 percent O2, and 25 percent N2. The piston diameter and spring are selected for this device such that the volume is 0.1 m3 when the pressure is 200 kPa and 1.0 m3 when the pressure is
The piston-cylinder device of Prob. 13-93 is filled with a mixture whose mass is 55 percent nitrogen and 45 percent carbon dioxide. Initially, this mixture is at 200 kPa and 45oC. The gas is heated until the volume has doubled. Calculate the total work and heat transfer for this process.
Calculate the total work and heat transfer required to triple the initial pressure of the mixture of Prob. 13-94 as it is heated in the spring-loaded piston-cylinder device.
A rigid tank contains a mixture of 4 kg of He and 8 kg of O2 at 170 K and 7 MPa. Heat is now transferred to the tank, and the mixture temperature rises to 220 K. Treating the He as an ideal gas and the O2 as a nonideal gas, determine(a) The final pressure of the mixture.(b) The heat transfer.
The mass fractions of a mixture of gases are 15 percent nitrogen, 5 percent helium, 60 percent methane; and 20 percent ethane. This mixture is expanded from 200 psia and 400oF to 15 psia in an adiabatic, steady-flow turbine of 85 percent isentropic efficiency. Calculate the second law efficiency
Using EES (or other) software, write a program to determine the mole fractions of the components of a mixture of three gases with known molar masses when the mass fractions are given, and to determine the mass fractions of the components when the mole fractions are given. Run the program for a
Using EES (or other) software, write a program to determine the apparent gas constant, constant volume specific heat, and internal energy of a mixture of three ideal gases when the mass fractions and other properties of the constituent gases are given. Run the program for a sample case, and give
Why are the chilled water lines always wrapped with vapor barrier jackets?
Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 35oC and 30 percent relative humidity at a rate of 15 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12oC and 90 percent relative humidity at a rate of 25 m3/min. Assuming that the mixing process occurs at a pressure of 1
Repeat Prob. 14-100 for a total mixing-chamber pressure of 90 kPa.Prob. 14-100Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 35oC and 30 percent relative humidity at a rate of 15 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12oC and 90 percent relative humidity at a
A stream of warm air with a dry-bulb temperature of 36oC and a wet-bulb temperature of 30oC is mixed adiabatically with a stream of saturated cool air at 12oC. The dry air mass flow rates of the warm and cool airstreams are 8 and 10 kg/s, respectively. Assuming a total pressure of 1 atm,
Reconsider Prob. 14-102. Using EES (or other) software, determine the effect of the mass flow rate of saturated cool air stream on the mixture temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity. Vary the mass flow rate of saturated cool air from 0 to 16 kg/s while maintaining the mass flow rate
Saturated humid air at 1 atm and 50oF is to be mixed with atmospheric air at 1 atm, 90oF, and 80 percent relative humidity, to form air at 70oF. Determine the proportions at which these two streams are to be mixed and the relative humidity of the resulting air.
How does a natural-draft wet cooling tower work?
The cooling water from the condenser of a power plant enters a wet cooling tower at 40oC at a rate of 90 kg/s. The water is cooled to 25oC in the cooling tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm, 23oC, and 60 percent relative humidity and leaves saturated at 32oC. Neglecting the power input to
The cooling water from the condenser of a power plant enters a wet cooling tower at 110oF at a rate of 100lbm/s. Water is cooled to 80oF in the cooling tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm, 76oF, and 60 percent relative humidity and leaves saturated at 95oF. Neglecting the power input to the
A wet cooling tower is to cool 60 kg/s of water from 40 to 33oC. Atmospheric air enters the tower at 1 atm with dryand wet-bulb temperatures of 22 and 16oC, respectively, and leaves at 30oC with a relative humidity of 95 percent. Using the psychrometric chart, determine(a) The volume flow rate of
A tank contains 15 kg of dry air and 0.17 kg of water vapor at 30oC and 100 kPa total pressure. Determine (a) The specific humidity, (b) The relative humidity, and (c) The volume of the tank.
A wet cooling tower is to cool 25 kg/s of cooling water from 40 to 30oC at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa. Atmospheric air enters the tower at 20oC and 70 percent relative humidity and leaves saturated at 35oC. Neglecting the power input to the fan, determine (a) The volume
Water enters a cooling tower at 958F and at a rate of 3 lbm/s and leaves at 80oF. Humid air enters this tower at 1 atm and 65oF with a relative humidity of 30 percent and leaves at 75oF with relative humidity of 80 percent. Determine the mass flow rate of dry air through this tower.
How much work potential, in Btu/lbm dry air, is lost in the cooling tower of Prob. 14-111E. Take T0 = 65oF.
Dry air whose molar analysis is 78.1 percent N2, 20.9 percent O2, and 1 percent Ar flows over a water body until it is saturated. If the pressure and temperature of air remain constant at 1 atm and 25oC during the process, determine (a) The molar analysis of the saturated air and (b) The density of
The relative humidity of air at 80oF and 14.7 psia is increased from 25 to 75 percent during a humidification process at constant temperature and pressure. Determine the percent error involved in assuming the density of air to have remained constant.
The condensation of the water vapor in compressedair lines is a major concern in industrial facilities, and the compressed air is often dehumidified to avoid the problems associated with condensation. Consider a compressor that compresses ambient air from the local atmospheric pressure of 92 kPa to
The capacity of evaporative coolers is usually expressed in terms of the flow rate of air in ft3/min (or cfm), and a practical way of determining the required size of an evaporative cooler for an 8-ft-high house is to multiply the floor area of the house by 4 (by 3 in dry climates and by 5 in humid
A cooling tower with a cooling capacity of 30 tons (105 kW) is claimed to evaporate 4000 kg of water per day. Is this a reasonable claim?
The air-conditioning costs of a house can be reduced by up to 10 percent by installing the outdoor unit (the condenser) of the air conditioner at a location shaded by trees and shrubs. If the air-conditioning costs of a house are $500 a year, determine how much the trees will save the home owner in
The thermostat setting of a house can be lowered by 2oF by wearing a light long-sleeved sweater or by 4oF by wearing a heavy long-sleeved sweater for the same level of comfort. If each oF reduction in thermostat setting reduces the heating cost of a house by 4 percent at a particular location,
Repeat Prob. 14-11 for a temperature of 20oC. Prob. 14-11 A tank contains 15 kg of dry air and 0.17 kg of water vapor at 30oC and 100 kPa total pressure. Determine (a) The specific humidity. (b) The relative humidity. (c) The volume of the tank.
A typical winter day in Moscow has a temperature of 0oC and a relative humidity of 40 percent. What is the relative humidity inside a dacha that has air that has been heated to 18oC?
The relative humidity inside dacha of Prob. 14-120 is to be brought to 50 percent by evaporating water at 20oC. How much heat, in kJ, is required for this purpose per m3 of air in the dacha?
During a summer day in Phoenix, Arizona, the air is at 1 atm, 110oF, and 15 percent relative humidity. Water at 70oF is evaporated into this air to produce air at 75oF and 80 percent relative humidity. How much water, in lbm/lbm dry air, is required and how much cooling, in Btu/lbm dry air, has
If the system of Prob. 14-122E is operated as an adiabatic system and the air produced by this system has a relative humidity of 70 percent, what is the temperature of the air produced?Prob. 14-122EDuring a summer day in Phoenix, Arizona, the air is at 1 atm, 110oF, and 15 percent relative
A 1.8-m3 tank contains saturated air at 20oC and 90 kPa. Determine (a) The mass of the dry air. (b) The specific humidity. (c) The enthalpy of the air per unit mass of the dry air.
Reconsider Prob. 14-124. Using EES (or other) software, determine the properties of the air at the initial state. Study the effect of heating the air at constant volume until the pressure is 110 kPa. Plot the required heat transfer, in kJ, as a function of pressure. Prob. 14-124 A 1.8-m3 tank
Air at 15 psia, 60oF, and 70 percent relative humidity flows in an 6-in diameter duct at a velocity of 35 ft/s. Determine (a) The dew-point temperature. (b) The volume flow rate of air. (c) The mass flow rate of dry air.
Air flows steadily through an isentropic nozzle. The air enters the nozzle at 35oC, 200 kPa and 50 percent relative humidity. If no condensation is to occur during the expansion process, determine the pressure, temperature, and velocity of the air at the nozzle exit.
Air enters a cooling section at 97 kPa, 35oC, and 30 percent relative humidity at a rate of 6m3/min, where it is cooled until the moisture in the air starts condensing. Determine (a) The temperature of the air at the exit. (b) The rate of heat transfer in the cooling section.
Outdoor air enters an air-conditioning system at 10oC and 70 percent relative humidity at a steady rate of 26m3/min, and it leaves at 25oC and 55 percent relative humidity. The outdoor air is first heated to 18oC in the heating section and then humidified by the injection of hot steam in the
A room contains air at 20oC and 98 kPa at a relative humidity of 85 percent. Determine (a) The partial pressure of dry air. (b) The specific humidity of the air. (c) The enthalpy per unit mass of dry air.
Humid air at 101.3 kPa, 36oC dry bulb and 65 percent relative humidity is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature 10oC below its dew-point temperature. Sketch the psychrometric diagram for the process and determine the heat transfer from the air, in kJ/kg dry air.
Air enters an air-conditioning system that uses refrigerant-134a at 30oC and 70 percent relative humidity at a rate of 4m3/min. The refrigerant enters the cooling section at 700 kPa with a quality of 20 percent and leaves as saturated vapor. The air is cooled to 20oC at a pressure of 1 atm.
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