Developmental Psychology: From Conception Through Childhood Cognitive Development
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Cards in this deck(83)
What branch of psychology studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span?
What is the term for the fertilized egg that enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo?
What is the term for the baby from fertilization to 8 weeks of development?
What is the term for the baby developing from 9 weeks after conception?
What are agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?
What is the term for abnormalities in a child caused by the pregnant mother consuming alcohol?
What is the term for decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation, where infants' interest wanes with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus?
What are biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience?
What is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information?
What is the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas?
What is the process of adapting current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information?
In Piaget's theory, what is the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities?
What is the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived?
In Piaget's theory, what is the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic?
What is the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects?
In Piaget's theory, what is the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view?
What are people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict?
In Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events?
In Piaget's theory, what is the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts?
What is a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking?
What is a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors?
What is the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age?
What is an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation?
What is an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development?
What is the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life?
What is a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed?
What is a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver?
What is demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness?
What is a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity?
According to Erik Erikson, what is a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers?
What encompasses all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, 'Who am I?'
What is the biological distinction between females and males?
In psychology, what are the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female?
What is a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave?
What is a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females?
What is our sense of being male or female?
What is the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished?
What is the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role?
What is displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics?
What is an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex?
What is the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence?
What is the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing?
What is our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles?
What is the 'we' aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to 'Who am I?' that comes from our group memberships?
What is the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood?
What is the period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults?
What is the sex chromosome found in both men and women, where females have two X chromosomes and males have one?
What is the sex chromosome found only in males, which when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, produces a male child?
What is the most important of the male sex hormones, which both males and females have, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty?
What are the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible?
What are nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair?
What is the term for the first occurrence of ejaculation?
What is the term for the first menstrual period?
What is a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes?
What is a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles?
What is an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)?
What is the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines?
What is research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time?
What is research that follows and retests the same people over time?
What are acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits; often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse?
What is a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning?
What is the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement?
What deals with the extent to which heredity and the environment each influences behavior?
What deals with the question of whether development is gradual, cumulative change from conception to death (continuity), or a sequence of distinct stages (discontinuity)?
What deals with the issue of whether or not personality traits present during infancy endure throughout the lifespan?
What are case studies that investigate development in one person at a time?
What is a reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek?
What is the automatic response of drawing in anything at the mouth?
What is the reflex when the infant closes his or her fingers tightly around an object put in his or her hand?
What is the reflex in which a loud noise or sudden drop causes the neonate to automatically arch his or her back, fling his/her limbs out, and quickly retract them?
Who developed a stage theory of cognitive development based on decades of careful observation and testing of children?
What is the belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life?
What is the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people?
Who thought that development proceeds mainly from the outside in by the process of internalization, absorbing information from a specified social environmental context?
What is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations?
What is the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or more-skilled children?
Who, like Piaget, thought that moral thinking develops sequentially in stages as cognitive abilities develop?
What is the level of morality in which individuals do the right thing to avoid punishment (stage 1) or to further their self-interests (stage 2)?
What is the level of morality in which individuals follow rules to live up to the expectations of others, 'good boy/nice girl' (stage 3), or to maintain 'law and order' and do their duty (stage 4)?
What is the level of morality in which individuals evidence a social contract orientation that promotes the society's welfare (stage 5) or evidence an ethical principle orientation that promotes justice and avoids self-condemnation (stage 6)?
Who found that women rarely reach the highest stages of morality, because they think more about the caring thing to do or following an ethic of care, rather than what the rules allow or following an ethic of justice?
Who is known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development?
What is the stage theory of psychosocial development that identifies eight stages during which we face an important issue or crisis?
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