AP Psychology - Unit 6

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Psychology - Developmental Psychology

michael1tekrzp Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(100)

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

Zygote, embryo, fetus

2 weeks after conception Just a clump of cells 1 in 5 Zygotes are rejected

2 weeks to end of 2nd month Most vital organs and bodily systems are developing An inch long, resembles human with legs, arms, eyes, ears Most miscarriages and birth defects happen here

2nd month through birth Muscles and bones form, capable of movement Hearing becomes functional During final 3 months, brain function starts

Ability for baby to survive at premature birth

Virus/bacteria (mumps/measles/chicken pox/AIDS/flu), drugs, alcohol, radiation that affect the birth/development of the baby

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking

Biologically predispositioned reflexes that babies have

Turning their head for food

Responding to loud/sudden noises

Babies hold their breath underwater

Touch babies palm, they'll grab

Feeling of falling, will spread out arms

Curling or uncurling of toes

The more you engage a baby, the more their neural network will grow (stimulate them early)

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Running, jumping

Drawing, playing, writing

Smell, taste, touch develop first Hearing and vision develop later (reason being: the myelin sheath is still developing)

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience (one must learn to crawl before walk)

The inability to remember events from early childhood

Psychologists that believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout our lifetimes

Freud; 5 developmental periods (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which particular kinds of pleasures must be gratified if personality development is to proceed normally

If conflicts are unresolved in any one of these Psychosexual stages, the person will develop a fixation

Piaget; children are not little adults with less knowledge. Cognitive development occurs in sequences in the same order for all children

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information

Adding new examples into an already existing schema

Change your schema

(0-2) Sensations and perceptions. Master object permanence. Emphasis on the senses: touch, vision, motor (sucking and grasping)

(2-7) During which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. Cannot understand conservation (mass)

The attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Unable to understand/empathize others (hurt them is ok, but hurt you is not ok)

(7-11) Children can think logically, Conservation and reversibility develop, They now question Santa, but cannot think abstractly yet

Relationships flow both ways. Rewards and punishments are understood (but not truth or justice)

(12+) Abstract and systematic reasoning develops. Ability for mature moral reasoning occurs

Underestimates the ability potential of children

Says children do not learn in stages but rather a gradual continuous growth (studies show that our attention span grows gradually over time)

Vygotsky's continuity theory suggesting children's cognitive development occurs through interaction with their social environment and culture (more so than maturation in stages as opposed to nurture in continuity) internalization of mentor's actions and scaffolding of small steps

Learners complete small manageable tasks in order to reach the goal

Close to developing the new skill or knowledge, but need assistance and encouragement

The development of your brain (biologically) from infancy through childhood

Most brain cells present (that you will ever have)

Neural networks and growth spurts

Rapid frontal lobe growth Association areas are last to develop (language & agility)

Shuts it down (use it or lose it) (stimulate the baby early on!) grows used areas of brain, and shuts down unused parts

The increasing complexity of behavior patterns used in relationships with other people

Babies are not scared of strangers/different people (because everyone is equally as strange to them)

1 year

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Babies naturally attach themselves to parents/consistent others

Babies are more attached to what they see most (imprinted)

If it does not occur during a certain period (forming attachments), the child will have problems making attachments later on

important for development

Infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment (physical-touch over food) (monkey experiment w/ fake mother)

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment (occurs/peaks at 13 months, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to daycare)

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment

Child loved mom, misses mom, welcomed mom back to room

Child loved mom, misses mom, angry that mom left

Child shows no interest in mom or stranger

Factor that contributes most positively to the development of secure attachment between human infants and their mothers, such as physical touch

Obedience and punishment (no explanation)

No rules or punishments (too carefree)

Fair rules with child input (best parenting)

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence (Ages 12-18) Peers are most important Exploring and forming an identity is at the core of adolescence -Erikson

Sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible

First menstruation

First ejaculation

Bodily structures that change with sexual maturity but are not directly related to reproduction (breasts, hips, voice change, acne)

Personality was influenced by our experiences with others Stages of Psychosocial Development Each stage centers on a social conflict or crisis that needs resolution

Adolescence is marked by a search for identity, based on a person's group/social members

Failure to develop a consistent idea

Stages of moral development, not closely tied to specific age groups; they are more accurately determined by the individual's motivation behind the behavior

A particular system of values and principles of conduct held by a specified person or society

There is a discrepancy between moral thought and action

Doing the right thing dependent on social situation (nazi concentration guards)

How may it differ culturally (indiv & collective)

The socially influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and gender diverse people

The biological distinction between females and males

Similar genetic makeup - we are able to see, hear, learn, and remember similarly Difference in biology - differ in body fat, muscle, height, age of onset, life expectancy, and vulnerability to certain disorders

Expectations and norms of social position

Expected behaviors of a gender/sex

Associated believes and margins based on sex

Development of gender "identity" influenced by biological, psychological, and cultural process

Innate biological differences between men and women shape the contributions each can make to society

Competition for opposite sex parent affect behavior

Influences of society and personal interpretation of societies schemas to act accordingly

Rewarded or punished based on gender-linked behaviors

Proposed we learn gender identity like we learn other things: through reinforcement punishment and observation

Internal messages about gender and how one should behave

An umbrella term for gender identity that does not conform with a specific sex to which they were assigned with at birth

A term for not recognizing oneself under either gender identity

An enduring emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction toward members of one's own sex, other sex, or more than one sex

Begins at the end of adolescence and lasts until death Physical performance peaks in 20's and declines from there (Age 80+) Neural process slows down

2-3 Year period where the body readjusts to post-fertile time

Facts and knowledge improves with age

Reasoning/speed of info declines with age

Loss of neurons that produce acetylcholine, loss of memory, reasoning, and language

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AP Psychology - Unit 6

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