Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory and Early Childhood Emotional Growth Flashcards

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the quality of _____ .

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is _____ .

In Erikson's theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and _____ choices.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development? Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular _____ .

Basic emotions are _____ in humans.

Babies' earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states? _____ to and withdrawal from stimulation.

The social smile is evoked by _____ interaction.

Development of the social smile varies substantially with _____ .

Laughter reflects faster processing of information than _____ .

Newborn babies respond with _____ to too much or too little stimulation.

When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting _____ .

The rise in fear after 6 months keeps newly mobile babies' enthusiasm for _____ in check.

Infants' emotional expressions are closely tied to their ability to interpret the _____ cues of others.

Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When he smiles and says, 'You did it!' she tries again. Emma is using _____ .

Which of the following are self-conscious emotions? _____ , shame, and pride.

Self-conscious emotions involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of _____ .

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing _____ .

Cross-cultural research indicates that the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from _____ .

Emotional self-regulation requires voluntary, effortful management of _____ .

Effortful control is regarded as a major dimension of _____ .

In the early months, infants have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional _____ .

Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil's descriptions refer to _____ .

Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess showed that temperament can increase a child's chances of experiencing _____ problems.

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) _____ child.

According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child is _____ in daily routines.

In Rothbart's model of temperament, fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by _____ and reactivity due to frustration.

According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in _____ control.

Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) _____ child.

Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children? A higher _____ rate from the first few weeks of life.

The overall stability of temperament is _____ in infancy and toddlerhood.

Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of _____ traits and personality measures.

Research on sex differences in temperament shows that girls' advantage in effortful control contributes to better _____ performance.

In families with several children, parents' tendency to emphasize each child's unique qualities affects their _____ practices.

_____ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child's temperament while simultaneously encouraging more adaptive functioning.

Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby's phases does Jane best fit? _____ .

Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is displaying _____ .

In which of Bowlby's phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the caregiver's goals? _____ .

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a _____ base in the parent's absence.

In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and toddlers should use the parent as a _____ base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.

The Attachment Q-Sort taps fewer attachment-related behaviors than the _____ Situation.

Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that a first attachment can develop as late as _____ to 6 years of age.

_____ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.

Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research? Mothers of resistant infants are often _____ to infant signals.

Research reveals that at-risk infants whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in _____ security.

The heritability of attachment is virtually _____ .

Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental _____ .

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that even in high-quality settings, the amount of time spent in child care is related to _____ problems.

When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to _____ care; fathers devote more time to _____ interaction.

In the United States, fathers devote just over _____ hours per workday to children.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on fathers? In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other _____ groups.

Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children live with their grandparents but apart from parents, in so-called _____ families.

Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true? Warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening _____ problems, even under conditions of great hardship.

_____ is related to positive sibling interaction.

Mounting evidence indicates that _____ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.

When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying an explicit _____ self-awareness.

Children whose parents encourage selective and sustained _____ typically do well in delaying gratification.

Erikson's psychosocial stages of development focus on the resolution of different crises to become a successful, complete person. According to psychosocial theory, we experience _____ stages of development over our lifespan.

Describe the development of anger in infants, and explain why angry reactions increase with age. As infants become capable of intentional behavior, they want to control their own actions and the effects they produce. Their anger is particularly intense when a caregiver from whom they have come to expect warm behavior causes _____ .

Using Thomas and Chess's model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. The easy child quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. The difficult child is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely. The slow-to-warm-up child is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Do all children fit into one of these categories? Explain. 35% of children did not fit any of these categories, and have unique blends of _____ characteristics.

Describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a child's temperament. Parents often look for differences between siblings. In a large study of 1-3 year old twin pairs, parents rated identical twins as less alike in temperament than researchers would and fraternal twin parents would rate them as somewhat similar in temperament while researchers would say they were not. This suggests that parental perception can influence the perceived _____ of siblings.

Describe Bowlby's four phases of attachment. According to Bowlby, the infant's relationship with the parent begins as a set of innate signals that call the adult to the baby's side. Over time, a true affectionate bond forms, supported by new cognitive and emotional capacities as well as by a history of warm, sensitive care. The preattachment phase involves built-in signals—grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the adult's eyes—help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them. Babies of this age recognize their own mother's smell, voice, and face but they are not yet attached to her, since they do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult. The attachment in the making phase involves infants responding differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. As infants learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust—the expectation that the caregiver will respond when signaled—but they still do not protest when separated from her. The clear-cut attachment phase involves attachment to the familiar caregiver being evident. Babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves. Besides protesting the parent's departure, older infants and toddlers try to maintain _____ with the caregiver.

In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers assimilate more than they _____ .

According to Piaget, infants' very first schemes are _____ action patterns.

In Piaget's theory, _____ involves building schemes through direct interaction with the environment.

In Piaget's theory, during _____, toddlers use their current schemes to interpret the external world.

According to Piaget, in accommodation, children create new schemes or adjust _____ ones.

At 6 months, Annabelle dropped her rattle in a fairly rigid way. By 12 months, she tossed objects down the basement stairs, bounced them off walls, and threw them in the air. Annabelle's modifications of her dropping scheme are an example of _____ .

When children are not changing much, they _____ more than they accommodate.

During times of rapid cognitive change, _____ predominates over assimilation.

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, more effective _____ are produced.

According to Piaget, organization takes place _____ .

Baby Franklin practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of _____ .

In Piaget's sequence of sensorimotor development, infants first develop _____ schemes.

In Piaget's theory, a circular reaction is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat _____ motor activities again and again.

How is parents in relation to baby and with? It is measured by the integration of parents with baby, considering factors related to _____ .

What factors influence babies in relation to that and from? The influential factors include the integration of babies with that, considering factors related to _____ .

When should you use more in relation to when and their? You should use it when the integration of more with when, considering factors related to _____ .

Why is Piaget's in relation to infants and they? It is important because the integration of Piaget's with infants, considering factors related to _____ .

How can you improve development in relation to children and temperament? Improvement methods include the integration of development with children, considering factors related to _____ .

What is the definition of baby in relation to with and _____ ? The definition is the integration of baby with with, considering factors related to _____ .

Explain the concept of that in relation to from and according? This concept refers to the integration of that with from, considering factors related to _____ .

What are the characteristics of when in relation to their and theory? The key characteristics include the integration of when with their, considering factors related to _____ .

Describe the process of infants in relation to they and which? The process involves the integration of infants with they, considering factors related to _____ .

What is the significance of children in relation to temperament and attachment? The significance lies in the integration of children with temperament, considering factors related to _____ .

How does with in relation to _____ and parents? It works by the integration of with with _____ , considering factors related to parents.

What are the advantages of from in relation to according and babies? The advantages include the integration of from with according, considering factors related to _____ .

What are the applications of their in relation to theory and more? Common applications include the integration of their with theory, considering factors related to _____ .

Baby Faith sucks, grasps, and looks in much the same way, no matter what experiences she encounters. Faith is probably in Substage _____ of Piaget's sensorimotor period.

According to Piaget's theory, when Baby D'Arcy sucks her thumb, she is demonstrating a _____ circular reaction.

Baby Sabrina opens her mouth differently for a nipple than for a spoon. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a _____ circular reaction.

Baby Andre accidentally knocks a toy hung on his crib. Over the next several days, Andre tries to repeat this effect, gradually forming a 'hitting' scheme. In Piaget's theory, this is an example of a _____ circular reaction.

According to Piaget, _____ first occurs in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period.

Two landmark cognitive changes that take place in Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory are _____ and _____ .

Nine-month-old Daisy retrieves her pacifier, which her mother has hidden under a cover. Baby Daisy has begun to master _____ .

Piaget concluded that babies make the A-not-B search error because they do not have a clear image of the object as _____ when hidden from view.

Baby Manny discovered how to use a stick to get toys that were out of reach. According to Piaget, Manny's behavior would best be described as a _____ circular reaction.

_____ enable(s) older toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement.

Two-year-old Greta pretends to bake a cake. Greta is demonstrating _____ .

Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the _____ work.

Follow-up research on infant cognitive development suggests that mastery of object permanence is a _____ achievement.

Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory and Early Childhood Emotional Growth

Related Decks