Human Development Science: Theoretical Frameworks, Continuity, and Ecological Models

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Psychology - Developmental Psychology

jake12testoswi Created by 10 mon ago

Cards in this deck(79)

The study of development is _____, focused on diversity, and historical as it studies people over time.

The science of human development seeks to understand how and why people _____ or remain the same over time.

Both the _____ and the _____ are evident in each developing person.

A cohort is a group which shares _____ and cultural shifts.

Development is _____, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and plastic.

Development is _____, not static.

Development shows both _____ and discontinuity.

Continuity refers to characteristics that are _____ over time.

Discontinuity refers to characteristics that have _____ over time.

A critical period is a period where development must happen or it will _____ happen at all.

A sensitive period is a period where if development doesn't occur, it can develop _____ later.

The Ecological Model includes microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems, and _____ systems.

Microsystems refer to a person's immediate experience of _____ such as family and peers.

The mesosystem describes how different _____ interact with each other.

Exosystems include local _____ such as schools and churches.

Macrosystems refer to the larger _____ setting including cultural values and political processes.

A social construct is a perception of an individual, group, or idea that is _____ through cultural or social practice.

Multicultural refers to the patterns of behavior that are _____ from one generation to the next.

Plasticity indicates that abilities, personality, and other human traits can _____ over time.

Five common ways to test hypotheses include observation, case study, experiment, survey, and _____ study.

A positive correlation occurs when both variables _____ or decrease.

A negative correlation occurs when one variable increases while the other _____

A zero correlation is evident when no _____ is evident between variables.

Quantitative research studies large numbers of people and provides data that can be expressed with _____

Qualitative research looks at a few individuals in great _____

Cross-sectional research compares groups of people at one time, who differ in age but are similar in other important _____

Longitudinal research follows the same individuals over time and repeatedly _____ them.

Cross-Sequential Research studies several groups of people of different ages over the _____

A code of ethics is a set of moral principles that members of a profession or group are expected to _____

Grand Theories in Development include Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, and _____ Theory.

Psychoanalysis involves the unconscious mind, repression, and the id, ego, and _____

Freud believed that personality formed during life's first few years and each psychosexual stage includes potential _____

Erik Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development depends on the interaction between the individual and the _____ environment.

John Watson believed that psychology should be about things we can _____ and that our experiences shape who we are.

Classical Conditioning is famously associated with Ivan Pavlov's study with _____

Operant Conditioning, developed by B. F. Skinner, states that behaviors are learned through _____ and punishments.

Social Learning Theory, by Albert Bandura, suggests behavior is learned through modeling due to social _____

Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory includes four stages: Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete operational, and _____ operational.

Cognitive equilibrium is a state of mental _____

A new idea creates _____, requiring adaptation and learning.

Assimilation involves incorporating new events into existing _____

Accommodation requires an adjustment of previous _____ to incorporate new information.

Emergent Theories include Sociocultural Theory and _____ Theory.

Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the dynamic interaction between person and social and cultural _____

Evolutionary Theory involves genetic adaptation and selective adaptation, where genes for useful traits become more _____

Psychoanalytic theory has made us aware of the importance of early childhood _____

The nucleus of every cell contains _____ pairs of chromosomes.

A chromosome is a molecule of DNA that contains the instructions to make _____

Genes are the instructions for developing a person and the basic unit for transmitting _____

Humans have _____ chromosomes and _____ genes.

A gamete is one reproductive cell, either a sperm or an _____

A zygote is formed by the fused nuclei of sperm and _____

The genotype is the genetic information on the 46 chromosomes of the _____

Gene pairs are closely matched on 22 of the 23 chromosomes, with the 23rd pair determining _____

The phenotype is the actual _____ and behavior of a person.

Stem cells are able to produce any type of _____

An allele is a genetic variation or mutation that can produce a new _____

Autosomal inheritance refers to traits inherited from the 44 independent chromosomes, excluding the _____ pair.

Characteristics are influenced by one pair of genes, with some being dominant and others being _____

Sex-linked inheritance is determined by single genes located on the _____ chromosomes.

Polygenic and multifactorial inheritance involves multiple pairs of genes interacting with each other and the _____

Epigenetic refers to the effects of environmental or genetic forces on gene _____

A multi-factorial trait is affected by many factors, both genetic and _____

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result from two sperm penetrating two ova and share _____ of their genes.

Monozygotic (identical) twins originate from one zygote and share _____ of their genes.

During the Germinal Period, conception occurs in the fallopian tubes and after 1 week, the cell mass is called a _____

During the Embryonic Period, all major organs develop and by 8 weeks, the organism is less than _____ inches long.

During the Fetal Period, sex organs develop and brain development is _____

The age of viability is the age at which a preterm newborn might survive, occurring around _____ weeks.

During the Germinal Period, about _____% of conceptions successfully implant in the uterus.

During the Embryonic Period, about _____% of embryos survive.

During the Fetal Period, about _____% of fetuses survive.

About _____% of all zygotes grow and survive to become living newborn babies.

Teratology is the study of _____ defects.

Teratogens are harmful _____ to the developing organism.

Determining risk factors includes timing of exposure, critical period, amount of exposure, and genetic _____

Cigarette smoking cuts off oxygen to the developing baby by _____%

Cerebral Palsy includes difficulties with movement control, often resulting from genetic vulnerability and _____

8-15% of women experience _____, a sense of inadequacy and sadness after birth.

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