Synapse What is the Amygdala, Prefrontal cortex and what effect do they have on decision making? What are neurons? What causes more connections between neurons? What are growth pains?

What causes more connections between neurons?

Nature: People are born with innate abilities Nurture: The environment influences what we do; genes don't have much to do with it. What is deductive reasoning? Suck Reflex What is the difference between nature vs. nurture? What affects the health of their teeth?

What is the difference between nature vs. nurture?

Human Growth and Development Final Study Guide

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Psychology - Developmental Psychology

michael1tekrzp Created by 10 mon ago

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to understand yourself to be a better parent to pass down culture to protect children to work with children

nerve cells

Synapse

They are connections between two neurones The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap - the chemicals then set off a new electrical signal to the next neurone

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die

important stretch of time in which a young brain responds to certain types of input to create neural connections. learning is constant but there are certain times during a person's life when the brain is at its highest plasticity, able to modify its own structure to make new connections and strengthen existing ones.

The child "serves" by reaching out for interaction—with eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, babbling, or touch. A responsive caregiver will "return the serve" by speaking back, playing peekaboo, or sharing a toy or a laugh.

Nature: People are born with innate abilities Nurture: The environment influences what we do; genes don't have much to do with it.

Physical: muscle coordination and control, growth in size and in proportion Intellectual: ability of the brain or mind to take in and process information Emotional: ability to recognize and understand feelings and how to respond to them appropriately Social: learning and discovering the expectations and rules for interaction with others Moral: growth and development of a child's ability to tell right from wrong

stages of cognitive development

Developed a normal sequence for child development - Indentifies when children should do certain things

Human behavior is the result of the interactions among 3 parts of the mind Id-operates on instinctual drive and pleasure Ego-mediates between desires and reality Super ego-enforces moral standards and acts of the conscience

Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development

cartilage

the process by which bone forms, or by which tissue (usually cartilage) changes into bone

A baby's body has about 300 bones at birth. These eventually fuse (grow together) to form the 206 bones that adults have.

By 4 months: A baby's eyes should be working together. This is when babies begin to develop depth perception (binocular vision). By 12 months: A child's vision reaches normal adult levels while he continues to learn about and understand what he sees.

Trigger: Loud noise (even baby's own cry), or experiences unexpected movement, the infant will extend the arms with palms up, and them move the arms above the body

This reflex begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and "root" in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding.

When the infant is awake and a clean nipple or finger is placed in the infant's mouth they will begin to suck

reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot The big toe bends back and the other toes spread out

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object.

Trigger: holding baby upright with his feet on a flat surface Response: baby lifts one foot then the other as if walking Duration: 2 months

turning the head to one side, extending the arm and leg on that side, and flexing the limbs on the opposite side

-Baby's rate of growth slows considerably over time -May indicate health problems -Causes: Diseases, lack of nutrients or food, feedings are offered too infrequently or are too short, baby is abused or neglected

1) Remembering experiences 2) Making associations 3) Understanding cause & affect 4) Attention Span

Physical necessity in which development takes place. Shacking, stacking, throwing, or chewing strengthens their muscles, refines motor skills and helps them learn about the world around them.

Serious speech delays or permanent impediments in your child's speaking patterns and teeth growing outward.

Heredity and environment influence the rate of growth.

20 primary or baby teeth.

1) Diet 2) Heredity 3) Dental Care

skillful use of fingers during fine motor tasks

1,400 calories

They are learning that some desires won't be met as promptly as they would like. They want to be in control & we are taking that control away from them. They desire to be big & to do big things, but this is not always as easy as it seems.

Temper tantrums: Remain calm & resist raising your voice Acknowledge the child's feelings but emphasize why the demands cannot be met, Give short, firm & direct statements, Ignore the child, Use time outs, Be consistent, Plan ahead (food & sleep), Avoid triggers, Praise good behavior, After a tantrum talk about it Separation anxiety: Prepare the child for the separation BEFORE it happens, Tell the child where you will be, Tell the child what they will get to do while you are gone, Do not prolong the goodbye, Do NOT sneak out! Fears: Be understanding & supportive, Talk about the fear, Do NOT force a child to confront the fear, Read books about the fear, Make the unfamiliar more familiar, Do NOT make fun of them, Avoid saying "There's nothing to be afraid of", Do NOT push their fears aside, they are real to them, Teach a child how to control the fear

Very important in development Socializing is necessary throughout life, If children are NOT exposed to other children at a young age they will only learn how to develop relationships with adults, Harder to make friends when the child goes to school

Incidental Learning: an learning that is unplanned learning or unintended Ex: learn new words by reading a book for fun Trial and Error Learning: learning in which a child tries several solutions before finding out what works Ex: finding what puzzle pieces fit in the corresponding shapes Imitation Learning: learning by watching and copying others Ex: Playing patty cake or itsy bitsy spider (showing hand movements) Directed Learning: learning from being taught, either formally or informally Ex: learning the alphabet, colors, how to count, ect

Preoperational Stage. Learn that objects/words can be symbols, Learn through fantasy & dramatic play, Egocentric, Find it difficult to focus on more than 1 thing @ a time, Struggle with logical reasoning

How to interact with new people, How to make friends, How to work & play in organized groups

Erikson calls this stage the Initiative vs. Guilt. They are eager to try new activities - initiative motivates them Initiative is the ability to think or act without being urged. It sets the stage for ambitions later in life. Yet initiative can lead to failures. Too many failures may lead to guilt - blaming yourself for something done wrong - and fear of trying new things. To prevent guilty feelings, children must know its ok to make mistakes

Doing things by themselves

Anger - Threaten and yell Jealousy - complaining about or copying another child that they may feel envious toward, or oversensitivity around certain activities or environments

the ability to know the difference between good and evil, right and wrong

Children judge themselves in relation to others.

-The changing shape of their bodies -Images on thin/fit celebrities or models -Peer pressure and comments

Anorexia Nervosa - Intense fear of weight gain, starvation techniques, and severe weight loss. Bulimia - Excessive eating followed by purging, often through vomiting. Binge Eating - Periods of highly excessive eating and then weight gain.

-Poor body image -Depression -Low self-esteem -Need to feel in control

Pains caused by muscles trying to catch up with skeleton size.

They need physical activity daily or at least 3-4 times a week

Reasoning from general to specific

-Gives children a feeling of belonging and security -Reinforces self-concept -Provides emotional support -Learn how to socialize and get along with others -Helps them gain self-control and depend less on adults

disrespect, sulkiness, and scapegoating (blaming others for their own mistakes). School-age children also show anger by gossiping, back stabbing & lying about others.

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. 2-4 years

-difficulty concentrating -irritability -impaired coordination and reaction time -more likely to get sick

Amygdala: responsible for emotional reaction such as anger, develops early in adolescents Prefrontal cortex:regulates emotions and impulse control. It develops much later and even into early adulthood. Effect: This causes teens to often react emotionally ad quickly, rather than reacting from a place of balanced emotions and brain chemicals. They are also more likely to engage in risk taking behaviors.

1) Recognize your feelings 2) Understanding how they affect your mood and behavior 3) Be able to express your emotional needs to the essential people in your life

-Sadness -Difficulty sleeping -Panic attacks -Heightened feelings of uneasiness, fear, or uncertainty -Worry -Fear of social situations -Shortness of breath -Racing heart

-Sadness for extended periods of time -Feeling of emptiness -Lack of energy -Difficulty concentrating -Loss of interest in activities formerly enjoyed -Unexpectedly poor grades -A change in eating or sleeping habits

Identity vs. Role confusion "Who am I?" Fidelity - the ability to relate to others and form genuine relationships Social Relationships are important

-Being unsure of who you are and where you fit in. -Drifting from one job or relationship to another -Feeling disappointed and confused about your place in life

-Independence - desire to make their own decisions -Responsibility - take on more tasks/roles -New experiences - desire to do new things, may include risky behavior -Less family time - spend more time with friends -Romantic relationships -Influences - from friends, older siblings, peers, boyfriend/girlfriend, social media, ect.

-Conflict -Sometimes they become closer because the teen is responsible and trustworthy -Parent starts to see teenager as an adult

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Human Growth and Development Final Study Guide

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