lifespan ch 1&2 Flashcards

A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena and can be used to make predictions about future observations is known as a _____.

A testable prediction that is logically derived from a theory and bridges the gap between ideas and the real world is called a _____.

Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _____ and provide a framework for understanding relationships among facts.

The three key issues which developmental theorists often disagree on include passive versus active, continuity versus discontinuity, and the _____ debate.

The debate about the role of early experiences on later development versus current behavior reflecting present experiences is known as the _____ debate.

Whether development is best viewed as occurring in stages or as a gradual and cumulative process of change is the _____ debate.

The debate concerning the role of heredity and the environment in shaping human development is known as the _____ debate.

The scientific study of children began in the late nineteenth century and blossomed in the early twentieth century with early scholars like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and _____.

John Locke proposed that the mind of the newborn is a tabula rasa, or 'blank slate,' on which knowledge is written through experience and learning. This concept was proposed by _____.

The philosopher who proposed that development occurs according to innate processes and progresses through stages such as infancy, childhood, and adolescence is _____.

The British biologist famous for his theory of evolution, which led others to suggest that development proceeds through evolutionary recapitulation, is _____.

Darwin's theories greatly influenced _____, who believed that children developed over their lifetime much like a species evolved over time.

The psychologist who conducted quantitative and experimental research on infant development and wrote the essay 'Mental Development in the Child and the Race: Methods and Processes' is _____.

The founder of the field of behaviorism, known for the 'Little Albert' study and for conditioning an infant to fear a white rat, is _____.

The psychoanalytic approach and model of psychosexual development, which includes a stage model where sexual energy focuses on different zones of the body, was developed by _____.

The first large-scale study of children's behavior that revealed consistent patterns of development focused on biological 'maturation' was conducted by _____.

The psychologist whose stage theory of cognitive development revolutionized our view of children's thinking and learning is _____.

In the history of developmental psychology, the perspective that sought to identify behavior as the result of our genetic inheritance from ancestors is called the _____ perspective.

The perspective that suggests behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts beyond people's awareness and control is the _____ perspective.

In Freud's theory, protective efforts that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness are called _____.

Freud's theory of personality includes the id, the superego, and the _____.

The part of the self that includes our instincts and drives, wants immediate gratification, and operates on the pleasure principle is the _____.

The rational part of our personality that develops during the first 3 years of life and operates on the reality principle is the _____.

The part of the personality that starts to emerge around age 5, acts as our conscience, and strives for perfection is the _____.

According to Freud, a strong ego that balances the id and superego results in a _____.

A tendency to experience negative emotions, which Freud maintained could lead to anxiety disorders or unhealthy behaviors, is known as _____.

According to Freud, the part of a person's personality that represents primitive drives related to sex, hunger, aggression, and irrational impulses is the _____.

Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable.

Freud's stages of psychosexual development include oral, anal, phallic, latency, and _____.

The first stage of psychosexual development, where infants' needs are met primarily through immediate oral gratification, is the _____ stage.

The stage of development when children are learning to control impulses and coincides with toddlerhood and toileting is the _____ stage.

The third stage of psychosexual development, when the young child's libido centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone, is the _____ stage.

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father are known as the _____.

Freud believed that a boy fears that if he pursues his mother, his father may castrate him, a fear known as _____.

The term for a girl's unconscious attraction for her father, followed by realizing she cannot compete with her mother, is the _____.

The fourth stage of psychosexual development, spanning middle childhood, where attention is focused on family and friendship, is the _____ stage.

The final stage of psychosexual development, when individuals develop sexual interests and the ego is ideally strengthened, is the _____ stage.

Refusing to accept real events because they are unpleasant, such as saying 'it won't happen to me,' is an example of _____.

Taking out frustrations on a safer target, such as a person who is angry at a boss taking out their frustration on a spouse, is known as _____.

Attributing one's unacceptable thoughts onto others, such as accusing someone else of being afraid when one is frightened, is called _____.

Involves a cognitive distortion of 'the facts' to make an event or impulse less threatening, such as providing excuses, is known as _____.

Outwardly opposing something you inwardly desire, but find unacceptable, such as a homosexual person dating the opposite sex, is called _____.

Going back to a time when the world felt safer, perhaps reverting to childhood behaviors, is known as _____.

Pushing painful thoughts out of consciousness, or thinking about something else, is referred to as _____.

Transforming unacceptable urges into more socially acceptable behaviors, such as using exercise to redirect strong sexual urges, is called _____.

The theory that emphasizes social relationships important at each stage of personality development, contrasting with Freud's fixed personality view, is _____.

From birth to 12 months of age, infants must learn that adults can be trusted. This stage is known as _____.

Toddlers (ages 1-3 years) explore their world and learn they can control their actions and act on their environment to get results. This stage is called _____.

Preschoolers (ages 3-6 years) are capable of initiating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. This stage is _____.

Elementary school children (ages 7-12) develop a sense of pride and accomplishment in their schoolwork, sports, social activities, and family life, or feel inferior. This stage is _____.

Adolescents' (ages 12-18) main task is developing a sense of self; they explore various roles and ideas, set goals, and attempt to discover their adult selves. This stage is _____.

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are concerned with developing and maintaining successful relationships with others. This stage is _____.

People in middle adulthood (40s to the mid-60s) are concerned with finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others. This stage is _____.

People in late adulthood (mid-60s to the end of life) reflect on their lives and feel either a sense of pride and satisfaction or a sense of regret and failure. This stage is _____.

The approach that suggests the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment is the _____ perspective.

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called _____.

The psychologist known for establishing the psychological school of behaviorism and applying classical conditioning principles to human behavior is _____.

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called _____.

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and those followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely, is known as the _____.

Skinner conducted scientific experiments on animals to determine how organisms learn through operant conditioning using a device known as the _____.

Anything following a behavior that makes it more likely to occur again is called a _____.

The theory that proposes learning occurs in a social context through a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, their behavior, and the environment is _____.

Individuals can learn novel responses by watching the key behavior of others, referred to as social models. This learning process is called _____.

The interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us is known as _____.

The theory developed by Jean Piaget that focuses on the process that allows people to know, understand, and think about the world is the _____ perspective.

Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are _____ and accommodation.

The stage in which children learn about the world through their senses and motor behavior, lasting from birth to about 2 years old, is the _____ stage.

The stage in which children can use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas, lasting approximately 2 to 7 years old, is the _____ stage.

The inability of a child to take the perspective of others is known as _____.

Understanding that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from one's own, usually developing between 3 to 5 years old, is called _____.

The stage in which children can think logically about real events, have a firm grasp on the use of numbers, and start to employ memory strategies, lasting from about 7 to 11 years old, is the _____ stage.

The fourth and last stage in Piaget's theory, lasting from about age 11 to adulthood, where children can deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations, is the _____ stage.

An alternative to Piagetian approaches, a model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information, is the _____ approach.

The theory that views cognition as made up of different types of individual skills, rather than a single system of increasingly sophisticated general cognitive abilities, is the _____ theory.

The scientific field that studies the biological processes underlying cognition, focusing on neural connections and activity in the brain, is known as _____.

The field that examines interrelations between brain changes and changes in cognitive ability as children grow up, as well as environmental and biological influences on the developing mind and brain, is _____.

The approach that grew out of developments in computers, where complex behaviors such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps, is the _____ approach.

An information-processing approach that builds on Piaget's research and considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills is known as _____ theory.

The understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists, is known as _____.

According to humanistic theory, the realizing of one's full potential, which can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, and the pursuit of knowledge, is called _____.

Rogers emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping personality, where humans react to stimuli with their subjective reality, known as the _____.

How closely one's real self matches up with the ideal self in Rogers' humanistic personality theory is referred to as _____.

Rogers described life as 'The Good Life' when a fully functioning person continually aims to fulfill his or her potential and demonstrates traits such as openness to experience and _____.

A motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid, is known as _____.

The perspective that considers the relationships between individuals and the physical, cognitive, personality, social, cultural, and environmental influences on development is the _____ perspective.

Three themes in Vygotsky's ideas of sociocultural learning include human development originating in social, historical, and cultural interactions, the use of psychological tools, and learning within the _____.

A learner actively acquires new culturally valuable skills and capabilities through a meaningful, collaborative activity with an assisting, more experienced person, known as _____.

Teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed, in a process called _____.

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they cannot do is known as the _____.

Which psychological perspective considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds?

The development of the sociocultural theory is attributed to _____, who emphasized the role of social, historical, and cultural interactions in learning.

Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory stressing the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, organized into five levels of external influence, is known as _____.

The relevant historical context and timeframe in which all development occurs is referred to as the _____.

Immediate surroundings including those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings, are part of the _____.

Larger organizational structures such as school, the family, or religion are part of the _____.

The larger contexts of the community, including the values, history, and economy, are part of the _____.

Cultural elements such as global economic conditions, war, technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society's responses to the global community impact a community and are part of the _____.

The environmental events and transitions that occur throughout a child's life, including any socio-historical events, are part of the _____.

When Etienne was 8 years old, his parents divorced and his mom remarried and moved him to a new state when he was 10 years old. According to Bronfenbrenner, this experience is part of the _____.

The perspective that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors is the _____ perspective.

lifespan ch 1&2

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