Developmental Psychology Theories Flashcards

B.F Skinner, a behaviorist, would argue that the most important factors that shape development are _____ and punishments.

Dr. Nasrin believes that associating behavior with consequence can shape the probability of a behavior occurring. He is arguing that _____ conditioning is important for behavioral modification.

Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development.

Flevy, a marketing researcher, is conducting an extensive market research study using a standard set of questions to shoppers. Which method of data collection is Flevy using? _____

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development _____ at birth and continue through adulthood.

The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.

Physiological measures used in the study of life-span development involve the use of electromagnetic waves to construct images of a person's brain tissue and biochemical activity. This is _____

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and _____ experiences.

Dr. Jackson's research found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that there is a _____ relationship between head size and IQ.

Jeremy's language acquisition scenario most likely illustrates Paul Baltes's view that development is _____.

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, Lynne, at 5 years old, is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Who among the following most clearly exhibits the developmental pattern of successful aging? _____

_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality.

As people enter adolescence, they start focusing more time on romantic relationships and spend less time with friends. This illustrates how development is _____.

According to the scientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow in her study on memory loss in older adults? _____

In 2001, the Human Genome Project reported that humans have about 30,000 genes. By 2018, researchers had revised that number to about _____.

Which of the following is the main risk factor that a couple must be aware of when undergoing fertility treatments? _____

Which of the following would be an appropriate course of treatment for a person diagnosed with cystic fibrosis? _____

Natasha's symptoms and the cause of the symptoms most likely indicate that she has _____.

_____, the units of hereditary information, are short segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). They help cells to reproduce themselves and to assemble proteins.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key concept of evolutionary developmental psychology? Many evolved psychological mechanisms apply only to a _____ aspect of a person's psychological makeup.

Which of the following is most likely to be a cause of infertility in a woman? _____

The _____ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

Jule's 23rd chromosome pair consists of an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. This indicates that Jule _____.

Don and Ellie are trying to conceive a baby. How long should they wait before they suspect infertility? _____

_____ genes are those that make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age.

Esperanza is undergoing a prenatal diagnostic test that involves the removal of a small sample of the placenta. Which prenatal medical procedure is she most likely undergoing? _____

By far the most common high-tech assisted reproduction technique used is _____.

In the context of evolutionary psychology, Albert Bandura acknowledged that evolutionary pressures created changes in _____.

A mistake by the cellular machinery, or damage from an environmental agent such as radiation, may produce a _____, which is a permanently altered segment of DNA.

In the context of the milestones in motor skills development in infants, which of the following is true of the first year? Not all infants reach these gross motor development milestones in the _____ order.

Juno is riding a bike. Riding a bike requires Juno to use her memories of skills and routine procedures that are performed automatically. This type of memory is referred to as _____ memory.

A recent study found that infants with _____ sleep duration were characterized by a _____ level of cognitive and language development at about _____ years old.

Which of the following indicates a significant problem in an infant's communication system? A lack of _____ by 15 months of age.

Your ability to process language in the left hemisphere of the brain and spatial thinking in the right hemisphere of the brain is called _____.

The _____ pattern of growth is the developmental sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

According to Robert Fantz's visual preference method, which drawing would Baby Jane probably prefer to look at for a longer time? _____

Mariah has suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of her brain. When she tries to speak, she struggles to produce words and is unable to say them correctly. Mariah has sustained injury to _____.

The technique of _____ consists of measuring eye movements that follow a moving object and can be used to evaluate an infant's early visual ability.

According to neuroscientists, which of the following is true of how the brain is wired or rewired? Repeated experience is what _____ the brain or rewires it.

Jean Piaget believed that cognition in one stage is _____ different from that in another stage.

Which of the following statements is true about the involvement of the left and right hemispheres of the brain in performing different functions? Humor and use of metaphors usually depend on activity in the _____ hemisphere.

Clara, a 1-year-old baby, recently started walking. According to research, we would also expect her to show an increase in _____ development due to interaction with more objects.

Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth.

Which of the following statements about reflexes is true? Some reflexes _____ through life.

Anna is at a phase of attachment where she takes the feelings of others into consideration before acting. According to John Bowlby, Anna is likely _____ months of age or older.

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following is the time period for phase 3? _____

Eva's mother describes Eva as a mildly active child with a marginally negative mood. According to Chess and Thomas' classification, Eva most likely displays a _____ intensity of mood.

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

Andy showed secure attachment as an early infant, and now he is in his early childhood. Which of the following would we expect to see from Andy? _____

The fear of strangers _____ in the first three months after birth.

Parker is in the Strange Situation, where he shows little interaction with his caregiver. He isn't distressed upon separation and does not reestablish contact upon reunion. He would be classified as being _____ avoidant.

Which of the following is true about soothing crying infants? Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of _____.

Feelings or affects that occur when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being, are known as _____.

The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves _____ anxiety.

_____ can include connections among a wide range of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, and also can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture.

The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that children who were given high-quality child care performed better on _____ and language tasks.

Most _____ emotions don't occur until after the first year, according to most developmental psychologists.

Which of the following terms is used to describe the mutually regulated interactions between parents and infants? _____

According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2? _____

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development cannot yet perform _____ mental actions.

Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? The absence of _____ hazards.

Kristi notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. According to Piaget's theory, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo's usage of private speech is _____.

In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how older children _____ the digits from their tests more than younger children do.

Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation? Centration is evidenced in young children's lack of _____.

In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's _____ and capabilities.

The World Health Organization recommends that young children engage in about _____ hours of physical activity per day total.

Jean Berko's experiment involving 'wugs' demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment were able to apply _____ rules.

Which of the following is among the criticisms of the Montessori approach? It neglects children's _____ development.

In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role.

Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using? _____

The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to school _____ and focus.

Which of the following was argued by Zigler and his colleagues in support of universal preschool in the United States? Universal preschool would bring cost savings on the order of billions of dollars because of a diminished need for _____ and justice services.

Russell's experiment illustrates that children younger than 4 years old do not understand that it is possible to have a _____ belief.

Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage 'intuitive' because children know something, but they know it without the use of _____ thinking.

In the context of the types of children's play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as _____ play.

Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her _____ identity.

Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children? _____

According to a research review by Bronstein, which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development? Fathers put more effort into promoting sons' _____ development than daughters'.

Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children? The nature of parents' work has more influence on children's development than whether a parent works _____ the home.

Josh's mom is most likely a(n) _____ parent, as she makes his favorite food every night and imposes no fixed bedtime.

Which of the following fuels gender typing? _____ schema.

Brianna's mother's approach of talking to her about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) _____ parent.

Toddlers' lower emotional competence has been linked in a recent study to _____ mothers.

Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals? _____

Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) _____ moralist.

A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n) _____ parent.

Juan is best classified as a(n) _____ parent, as he tells his children, 'In my house, my word is the law,' and frequently spanks them.

Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn. These actions are best characterized as _____ abuse.

The public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect; developmentalists, however, increasingly use the term _____ maltreatment.

If a baboon learns to eat different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for its nutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes survival and is an example of _____ behavior.

Researchers' recent focus on _____ emphasizes that individuals can engage in a cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances.

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true? REM sleep might promote the brain's _____ in infancy.

Timothy obviously paid attention to what was _____ during the police officer's visit to his class.

Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people? _____ development.

Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how development is _____.

Six-year-old Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development, as she loves to draw pictures and describe them, but is still egocentric and holds 'magical beliefs.'

Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. What do researchers call this smile? _____ smile.

Kevin loves to say 'da, da, da, da' repeatedly. What type of communication is Kevin using? _____

Combining the genes of two parents in offspring increases _____ variability in the population, which is valuable for a species because it provides more characteristics for natural selection to operate in.

Developmental Psychology Theories

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