Comprehensive Study of Microbial Structures, Functions, and Pathogenicity

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Biology - Microbiology

user_lira_cofre Created by 9 mon ago

Cards in this deck(100)

What type of cells contain nuclei?

What type of cells do not contain nuclei?

Bacteria are classified as which type of cells?

Which cellular infectious agent is prokaryotic, has no nucleus, and is typically unicellular?

Which cellular infectious agent is eukaryotic, can be unicellular or filamentous, and has a cell wall?

Which eukaryotic parasites can be unicellular or multicellular and have no cell wall?

Which eukaryotic parasites are multicellular with organ systems and have a microscopic egg or larval stage?

What is an acellular infectious agent that is an obligate intracellular parasite with either DNA or RNA?

What is an acellular infectious agent that is an infectious protein particle causing proteins to misfold?

Instead of cholesterol, many bacterial membranes have what to maintain membrane integrity?

What element of bacterial cell walls resembles a chain link fence with alternating NAG and NAM molecules?

Which enzyme can cut the polysaccharide bond between NAG and NAM within the peptidoglycan?

What is the spherical bacterial cell shape called?

What is the bacterial cell shape that is short, fat rod bacteria that can be chained together?

What bacterial cell shape can have a single curve, spiral with external flagella, or spiral with internal flagella?

What is the bacterial cell shape that can assume more than one shape?

In a gram stain, which cells stain purple due to their thick peptidoglycan wall?

In a gram stain, which cells stain pink/red due to their few layers of peptidoglycan?

Gram positive bacteria are (hydrophilic/hydrophobic) due to their many sugars in the cell wall and charged amino acids.

What carbohydrate chains found in gram positive cell walls extend from the cell surface and stabilize peptidoglycan?

Gram (positive/negative) bacteria have two lipid bilayers with a few layers of peptidoglycan in between.

What polymer found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria serves as a barrier to toxic substances?

Nearly every step in the synthesis of which compound is a common target for many antibiotics?

What type of bacteria has a cell wall with peptidoglycan mixed in with a waxy coat, enabling resistance to chemicals?

What type of stain involves steam-forced carbon fuchsin, acid decolorization, and methylene blue counterstaining?

What structure made of protein subunits is used in adherence to host cell surfaces and has short, hair-like projections?

What structure made of protein subunits is used in adherence to host cell surfaces and is longer and less numerous?

What are the polysaccharide coats on bacteria that are exterior to the cell wall and can be capsules or slime layers?

What structure made up of protein subunits enables bacterial motility and is referred to as an H antigen?

What is the term for bacterial movement in response to a chemical stimulus?

What do bacteria form to protect their genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable?

What type of gene transfer involves DNA being transferred from a parent to a daughter cell?

What type of gene transfer involves DNA being transferred within the same generation?

What is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separate from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently?

What is the simplest kind of transposable element consisting of inverted repeats of DNA flanking a gene for transposase?

What is a larger MGE that can jump places within the bacterial genome and often codes for antibiotic resistance?

What are large segments of foreign DNA flanked by short direct repeats, often found in pathogens?

What mechanism of gene transfer involves naked DNA being taken up from the environment?

What mechanism of gene transfer involves DNA being transferred directly from one bacterium to another?

What mechanism of gene transfer is mediated by a bacteriophage?

What cycle do all bacteriophages carry out where more viruses are made and the host cell lyses?

What viral reproductive cycle involves phage DNA integrating into the host chromosome?

What form of transduction involves random bacterial DNA being packaged inside a phage?

What form of transduction involves only bacterial genes adjacent to the prophage location being transferred?

What is the term for when viruses contain genes that alter the phenotype of the host, giving it an advantage?

What is the most common form of cell division in bacteria, which is asexual?

What is the time necessary for a bacterial population to double through one round of binary fission?

What describes the process of replication for cultures in closed test tubes, consisting of four phases?

What is the step in the bacterial growth curve where there is no increase in the number of living cells?

What is the step in the bacterial growth curve where there is an exponential increase in the number of living cells?

What is the step in the bacterial growth curve where there is a plateau in the number of living cells?

What is the step in the bacterial growth curve where there is an exponential decrease in the number of living cells?

Most bacteria are classified as what, meaning they prefer a temperature range around that of the human body?

All medically important bacteria are classified as what, meaning they survive best in a neutral pH?

What are the enzymes that help bacteria eliminate ROS and enable them to survive in an aerobic environment?

What type of organism requires a constant supply of oxygen and has both SOD and catalase?

What type of organism can survive with or without oxygen and has both SOD and catalase?

What type of organism grows equally well in the presence or absence of O2 and has SOD but not catalase?

What type of organism cannot live in the presence of oxygen and lacks SOD and catalase?

What type of organism requires a small amount of oxygen at a level less than that of the normal atmosphere?

What term describes organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing organic molecules to yield ATP?

What is a chemical substance produced by bacteria or fungi that inhibits or kills bacteria?

What feature of an antibiotic means it inhibits bacterial growth as long as the drug is present?

What feature of an antibiotic means it kills bacteria?

If an antibiotic has a _____ spectrum, it affects both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

If an antibiotic has a _____ spectrum, it targets specific subsets of bacteria.

What is the ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose called, indicating selective toxicity in the host?

Antibiotics that target the cell wall, plasma membrane, and DNA synthesis are bacterio-_____.

Antibiotics that target ribosomes and metabolic pathways are bacterio-_____.

What form of antibiotic resistance is not due to genetic change but due to lack of cellular target or antibiotic tolerance?

What form of antibiotic resistance occurs due to a change in the bacterial genome?

What acronym represents multidrug-resistant bacteria?

Which organ system microbiota is dry, cool, aerobic, and slightly acidic with diverse microbes in dry sites?

Which organ system microbiota has aerobes or obligate anaerobes and increases in diversity with poor hygiene?

Which organ system microbiota has mostly anaerobes and increases in concentration of bacteria as you move through the system?

Which organ system microbiota has two sections: URT and LRT, with diverse microbes in the URT?

Which organ system microbiota is divided by gender, with males having microbes similar to skin microbiota in the distal urethra?

What type of infection occurs when a normal, endogenous microbe accesses a new body location and becomes pathogenic?

What is the term for a parasite growing and multiplying in a host?

What is any microorganism capable of causing infectious disease called?

What is the ability to cause disease, described as a qualitative term?

What is the degree of harm inflicted on the host, described as a quantitative term?

What type of pathogen does not enter the host cell and instead grows in blood or tissue space?

What type of pathogen can grow inside host cells, with obligates only growing in host cells?

What is the period during the clinical course of an infectious disease where the pathogen has entered but there are no signs or symptoms?

What is the period during the clinical course of an infectious disease where there is the onset of signs and symptoms but it is often difficult to diagnose?

What is the period during the clinical course of an infectious disease where the disease is most severe and the patient displays signs and symptoms?

What is the period during the clinical course of an infectious disease where the patient recovers and signs and symptoms disappear?

What type of intervening agent in indirect transmission of a microbe includes arthropods or vertebrates?

What type of intervening agent in indirect transmission of a microbe includes water, food, and air?

What type of intervening agent in indirect transmission of a microbe is an inanimate object like a doorknob?

What molecule utilized by pathogens helps them adhere to cell surfaces?

What molecule is required by many bacterial pathogens for growth and is often limited in the host?

What process involves bacteria delivering toxins into other bacteria, with immunity proteins neutralizing the toxins?

What is the term for bacteria present in the bloodstream?

What is the term for bacteria multiplying in the bloodstream?

What immunoglobulin protects mucus membranes by trapping bacteria in mucus?

What enzyme helps extracellular bacteria evade host defenses by releasing them from mucin?

What enzyme breaks down C5, a part of the complement cascade that attracts phagocytic cells?

What molecule is involved in the complement pathway and prevents host cells from being opsonized?

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