Viral replication is characterized by its relationship with the host cell. Which of the following best describes this relationship? independent of both the host cell's DNA and the host cell's enzymes and metabolism. dependent on the host cell's DNA, RNA, enzymes, and metabolism. dependent on the host cell's DNA and RNA. independent of the host cell's DNA but dependent on the host cell's enzymes and metabolism.

independent of the host cell's DNA but dependent on the host cell's enzymes and metabolism.

Which statement about viral nucleic acid polymerases is TRUE? Many viruses contain their own nucleic acid polymerases. Viruses do not contain their own nucleic acid polymerases. The origins of the nucleic acid polymerases used by viruses are eukaryotic. All viruses contain their own nucleic acid polymerases.

Many viruses contain their own nucleic acid polymerases.

Restrictions with restriction enzymes of host are best described as _____? the viral processes whereby a host's DNA cease normal functioning. general host mechanisms to prevent virus particles from further infective action the viral processes whereby the virus prevent other viruses from entering the cell. general host mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign nucleic acid.

general host mechanisms to prevent the invasion of foreign nucleic acid.

Microbio Final (Exam 3)

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Biology - Virology

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Cards in this deck(73)

Viral replication is characterized by its relationship with the host cell. Which of the following best describes this relationship?

Where does viral replication primarily occur within the host organism?

Is it true that viruses can confer additional properties on their host cells, which can in turn be inherited?

Enveloped viral membranes are generally composed of _____ with associated virus-specific _____?

Which statement about viral nucleic acid polymerases is TRUE?

Reverse transcriptase is a type of enzyme that functions as a(n) _____?

Viruses infecting which of the following are typically the easiest to grow in the laboratory?

Cellular receptors may be composed of which of the following?

Restrictions with restriction enzymes of host are best described as _____?

Based on your knowledge of cellular and viral processes, which of the following would be the best appropriate target for antiviral drugs?

Bacteriophages' genomes are typically composed of which type of nucleic acid?

A virus that kills its host is said to be _____?

Which of the following enzymes would you expect to find in the virion of a retrovirus, but NOT in a bacteriophage?

The packaging mechanism of T4 DNA involves cutting of DNA from _____?

A prophage replicates _____?

The virus repressor protein _____?

Retroviruses are medically important viruses because _____?

Rolling circle replication of the lambda genome differs from replication of a bacterial chromosome in that _____?

Is it true that viruses have both an intracellular and an extracellular form?

When packaged in the virion, the complete complex of nucleic acid and protein is known as the virus _____?

Which of the following are the hosts for most enveloped viruses?

Bacteriophage have a _____ complex structure than animal viruses, because _____?

What genome composition makes viruses most susceptible to destruction by prokaryotic restriction endonucleases?

The term 'phage' is generally reserved for the viruses that infect _____?

The size and shape of viral particles is largely governed by the size and packaging of the viral _____?

You are attempting to mutate lambda to affect whether lysis or lysogeny occurs after lambda infection. Which mutation would INCREASE the chances of LYSOGENY over lysis?

Penetration requires that the entire virus is inserted within the host. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

Regarding the viral membrane of an enveloped virus, the lipids are derived from the _____, and the proteins are encoded by _____?

Virions infecting some bacteria possess the enzyme _____ that makes a small hole in the bacterial cell wall, allowing the viral nucleic acid to enter.

When solutions of host cells and infectious virions are mixed and spread on an agar plate, _____ form where viruses lyse the host cells.

The T4 phage protects its DNA from host restriction endonucleases by _____?

In E. coli, the adenine in the sequence GATC is methylated by the Dam enzyme. In the same cells a restriction endonuclease recognizes and cleaves dsDNA with GATC on either strand. Why does E. coli have these two enzymes?

Viral proteins are categorized as early, middle, and late. Early proteins typically are necessary for _____?

Although T4 encodes over 250 proteins, it does not encode its own RNA polymerase. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

How do bacteriophage influence bacterial evolution?

What would be the consequence of deleting the late T4 genes?

You isolate a purify a bacteriophage that can replicate in E. coli. Through chemical analyses you determine that the only nucleic acid present is RNA. You isolate the RNA and put it in a test tube with all of the necessary proteins and RNAs for translation. The RNA is translated and new infectious virions are made. What does this tell you about the bacteriophage?

For bacteriophages and animal viruses, _____ is the step in the viral life cycle that determines host cell or tissue specificity.

What are the consequences of a viral infection of an animal cell?

The concentration of infectious plaque forming units (pfu) per volume of fluid is known as the _____?

Lysogeny is unique to bacteriophages; similar relationships have not been found among the animal viruses. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

Early and late viral proteins are classified according to their relative _____?

Which type of viruses can be directly used for translation?

How are T7 genes transcribed?

The phage Mu _____?

Integration of Mu DNA into the host genome is essential for _____?

Most known plant viruses have _____-strand RNA genomes, because small genomes _____?

Reoviruses contain _____ genomes, and their replication occurs within the host's _____?

In designing a drug to inhibit pox viruses, the compound should localize in the host's _____ to be MOST effective.

The hepadnavirus DNA polymerase acts as which of the following?

Among the largest RNA genome viruses are _____ which contain a _____ genome.

A drug designed to inhibit reverse transcriptase activity would target _____?

In contrast to positive ssRNA viruses such as coronaviruses and polioviruses, the genome of retroviruses _____?

The Baltimore classification scheme is a useful way to categorize viruses based on their host infectivity. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

Many human-infecting viruses that elicit a strong immune response cause additional harmful effects on humans, so the discovery of a virus that can induce an immune response but not cause harm made it attractive for vaccine development. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

The metabolic diversity of photosynthetic bacteria stems from different _____?

Bacteriochlorophyll and chlorophyll contain _____ as a cofactor.

In contrast to chlorophylls, carotenoids function _____?

At some of the lowest light concentrations, _____ can still grow well due to their _____, which effectively harvest photons for energy.

Two separate photosystems involved in electron flow is a hallmark of _____?

What will happen to a cyanobacterium that has its photosystem II (PSII) blocked?

Regarding CO2 fixation mechanisms in the autotrophic green sulfur bacteria, _____?

In most cases, the final product of sulfur oxidation is _____?

Ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation generally occurs in environments with _____?

Anammox is an anaerobic process that generates energy from _____ and forms N2.

How is ATP made by an acetogen during CO2 fixation?

A researcher lacked the necessary equipment to measure methane production so instead monitored CO2 concentration as the unknown archaeon grew and produced methane. Why might CO2 NOT decrease but methane still increase?

Organisms that aerobically catabolize methane use the intermediate _____ for biosynthesis and produce _____ when oxidizing the substrate for energy.

Fermentation of organic compounds, such as acetate, produces NADH and ATP. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

The acetyl-CoA pathway is a primary route for carbon source utilization. Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?

The serine pathway and ribulose monophosphate pathway can both be used by _____ as a way to incorporate carbon into biomass.

Which metabolic strategy's existence suggests rapid growth is NOT always the best strategy to survive in the environment?

Anaerobic fermentation often provides CO2, which can be used by _____ as an electron acceptor for energy.

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Microbio Final (Exam 3)

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