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mathematics
statistics
Fundamentals Of Statistics 4th Edition Michael Sullivan III - Solutions
Researchers wanted to determine if there was an association between daily coffee consumption and the occurrence of skin cancer. The researchers looked at 93,676 women enrolled in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and asked them to report their coffee-drinking habits. The
Researchers Christelle Delmas and associates wanted to determine if having a television (TV) in the bedroom is associated with obesity. The researchers administered a questionnaire to 379 twelve-year-old French adolescents. After analyzing the results, the researchers determined that the body mass
Penny Gordon-Larson and her associate wanted to determine whether young couples who marry or cohabitate are more likely to gain weight than those who stay single. The researchers followed 8000 men and women for 7 years as they matured from teens to young adults. When the study began, none of the
Write a summary of the following opinion. The opinion was posted at abcnews.com. Include the type of study conducted, possible lurking variables, and conclusions. What is the message of the author of the article? Power Lines and Cancer—To Move or Not to Move New Research May Cause More Fear Than
Reread the article in Problem 55 from Section 1.1. What type of observational study does this appear to be? Name some lurking variables that the researchers accounted for.
The following abstract appears in The New England Journal of Medicine: BACKGROUND. The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer is of great public health importance. Some previous studies have suggested that exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the household can cause lung cancer,
What is random sampling? Why is it used and how does it compare with convenience sampling?
As part of a college literature course, students must select three classic works of literature from the provided list and complete critical book reviews for each selected work. Obtain a simple random sample of size 3 from this list. Write a short description of the process you used to generate your
A coach must select two players to serve as captains at the beginning of a soccer match. He has 10 players on his team and, to be fair, wants to randomly select 2 players to be the captains. Obtain a simple random sample of size 2 from the following list. Write a short description of the process
A student entering a doctoral program in educational psychology is required to select two courses from the list of courses provided as part of his or her program.EPR 616, Research in Child DevelopmentEPR 630, Educational Research Planning and InterpretationEPR 631, Nonparametric StatisticsEPR 632,
Merit Badge Requirements To complete the Citizenship in the World merit badge, one must select TWO of the following organizations and describe their role in the world. 1. The United Nations 2. The World Court 3. World Organization of the Scout Movement 4. The World Health Organization 5. Amnesty
A small community college employs 87 full-time faculty members. To gain the faculty’s opinions about an upcoming building project, the college president wishes to obtain a simple random sample that will consist of 9 faculty members. He numbers the faculty from 1 to 87. (a) Using Table I from
The same community college from Problem 9 has 7656 students currently enrolled in classes. To gain the students’ opinions about an upcoming building project, the college president wishes to obtain a simple random sample of 20 students. He numbers the students from 1 to 7656. (a) Using Table I
The table on the following page lists the 50 states.(a) Obtain a simple random sample of size 10 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer software.(b) Obtain a second simple random sample of size 10 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer software.
The following table lists the 44 presidents of the United States.(a) Obtain a simple random sample of size 8 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer software.(b) Obtain a second simple random sample of size 8 using Table I in Appendix A, a graphing calculator, or computer
Suppose you are the president of the student government. You wish to conduct a survey to determine the student body’s opinion regarding student services. The administration provides you with a list of the names and phone numbers of the 19,935 registered students. (a) Discuss the procedure you
Suppose the mayor of Justice, Illinois, asks you to poll the residents of the village. The mayor provides you with a list of the names and phone numbers of the 5832 residents of the village. (a) Discuss the procedure you would follow to obtain a simple random sample of 20 residents.
The Future Government Club wants to sponsor a panel discussion on the upcoming national election. The club wants four of its members to lead the panel discussion. Obtain a simple random sample of size 4 from the table. Write a short description of the process you used to generate your sample.
The owner of a private food store is concerned about employee morale. She decides to survey the employees to see if she can learn about work environment and job satisfaction. Obtain a simple random sample of size 5 from the names in the given table. Write a short description of the process you used
A salesperson obtained a systematic sample of size 20 from a list of 500 clients. To do so, he randomly selected a number from 1 of 25, obtaining the number 16. He included in the sample the 16th client on the list and every 25th client thereafter. List the numbers that correspond to the 20 clients
A quality-control expert wishes to obtain a cluster sample by selecting 10 of 795 clusters. She numbers the clusters from 1 to 795. Using Table I from Appendix A, she closes her eyes and drops a pencil on the table. It points to the digit in row 8, column 38. Using this position as the starting
The Future Government Club wants to sponsor a panel discussion on the upcoming national election. The club wants to have four of its members lead the panel discussion. To be fair, however, the panel should consist of two Democrats and two Republicans. From the list of current members of the club,
The owner of a private food store is concerned about employee morale. She decides to survey the managers and hourly employees to see if she can learn about work environment and job satisfaction. From the list of workers at the store, obtain a stratiï¬ed sample of two managers and
The human resource department at a certain company wants to conduct a survey regarding worker morale. The department has an alphabetical list of all 4502 employees at the company and wants to conduct a systematic sample.(a) Determine k if the sample size is 50.(b) Determine the individuals who will
To predict the outcome of a county election, a newspaper obtains a list of all 945,035 registered voters in the county and wants to conduct a systematic sample. (a) Determine k if the sample size is 130. (b) Determine the individuals who will be administered the survey. More than one answer is
The mathematics department at a university wishes to administer a survey to a sample of students taking college algebra. The department is offering 32 sections of college algebra, similar in class size and makeup, with a total of 1280 students. They would like the sample size to be roughly 10% of
A school board at a local community college is considering raising the student services fees. The board wants to obtain the opinion of the student body before proceeding. Design a sampling method to obtain the individuals in the sample. Be sure to support your choice.
A marketing executive for Coca-Cola, Inc., wants to identify television shows that people in the Boston area who typically drink Coke are watching. The executive has a list of all households in the Boston area. Design a sampling method to obtain the individuals in the sample. Be sure to support
Suppose a political strategist wants to get a sense of how American adults aged 18 years or older feel about health care and health insurance. (a) In a political poll, what would be a good frame to use for obtaining a sample? (b) Explain why simple random sampling may not guarantee that the sample
What is random sampling? Why is it necessary for a sample to be obtained randomly rather than conveniently? Will randomness guarantee that a sample will provide accurate information about the population? Explain.
What is a closed question? What is an open question? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of question.
What is bias? Name the three sources of bias and provide an example of each. How can a census have bias?
Distinguish between nonsampling error and sampling error.
A retail store manager wants to conduct a study regarding the shopping habits of his customers. He selects the first 60 customers who enter his store on a Saturday morning. The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy.
The village of Oak Lawn wishes to conduct a study regarding the income level of households within the village. The village manager selects 10 homes in the southwest corner of the village and sends an interviewer to the homes to determine household income. The survey has bias. (a) Determine the
An antigun advocate wants to estimate the percentage of people who favor stricter gun laws. He conducts a nationwide survey of 1203 randomly selected adults 18 years old and older. The interviewer asks the respondents, “Do you favor harsher penalties for individuals who sell guns illegally?”
Suppose you are conducting a survey regarding the sleeping habits of students. From a list of registered students, you obtain a simple random sample of 150 students. One survey question is “How much sleep do you get?” The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy.
A polling organization conduct s a study to estimate the percentage of households that speaks a foreign language as the primary language. It mails a questionnaire to 1023 randomly selected households throughout the United States and asks the head of household if a foreign language is the primary
A newspaper article reported, “The Cosmopolitan magazine survey of more than 5000 Australian women aged 18–34 found about 42 percent considered themselves overweight or obese.” The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy.
A health teacher wishes to do research on the weight of college students. She obtains the weights for all the students in her 9 a.m. class by looking at their driver’s licenses or state IDs. The survey has bias. (a) Determine the type of bias. (b) Suggest a remedy.
A magazine is conducting a study on the effects of infidelity in a marriage. The editors randomly select 400 women whose husbands were unfaithful and ask, “Do you believe a marriage can survive when the husband destroys the trust that must exist between husband and wife?” The survey has bias.
A textbook publisher wants to determine what percentage of college professors either require or recommend that their students purchase textbook packages with supplemental materials, such as study guides, digital media, and online tools. The publisher sends out surveys by e-mail to a random sample
To determine the public’s opinion of the police department, the police chief obtains a cluster sample of 15 census tracts within his jurisdiction and samples all households in the randomly selected tracts. Uniformed police officers go door to door to conduct the survey. The survey has bias. (a)
Delivery Format The General Social Survey asked, “About how often did you have sex in the past 12 months?” About 47% of respondents indicated they had sex at least once a week. In a Web survey for a marriage and family wellness center, respondents were asked, “How often do you and your
Order of the Questions Consider the following two questions: (a) Do you believe that the government should or should not be allowed to prohibit individuals from expressing their religious beliefs at their place of employment? (b) Do you believe that the government should or should not be allowed
Many polls use random digit dialing (RDD) to obtain a sample, which means a computer randomly generates phone numbers of landlines. What is the frame for this type of sampling? Who would be excluded from the survey and how might this affect the results of the survey?
How do you think caller ID has affected phone surveys?
In the state of California, speed limits are established through traffic engineering surveys. One aspect of the survey is for city officials to measure the speed of vehicles on a particular road. (a) What is the population of interest for this portion of the engineering survey? (b) What is the
Why is a high response rate desired? How would a low response rate affect survey results?
Suppose a survey asks, “Do you own any CDs?” Explain how this could be interpreted in more than one way. Suggest a way in which the question could be improved.
Discuss a possible advantage of offering rewards or incentives to increase response rates. Are there any disadvantages?
Define the following:(a) Experimental unit(b) Treatment(c) Response variable(d) Factor(e) Placebo(f ) Confounding
Researchers conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures experiment to compare the effectiveness of a commercial caffeinated carbohydrate–electrolyte sports drink with a commercial noncaffeinated carbohydrate–electrolyte sports drink and a flavored-water placebo. Sixteen
To determine if topiramate is a safe and effective treatment for alcohol dependence, researchers conducted a 14-week trial of 371 men and women aged 18 to 65 years diagnosed with alcohol dependence. In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled experiment, subjects were randomly given either
A school psychologist wants to test the effectiveness of a new method for teaching reading. She recruits 500 first-grade students in District 203 and randomly divides them into two groups. Group 1 is taught by means of the new method, while group 2 is taught by traditional methods. The same
A pharmaceutical company has developed an experimental drug meant to relieve symptoms associated with the common cold. The company identifies 300 adult males 25 to 29 years old who have a common cold and randomly divides them into two groups. Group 1 is given the experimental drug, while group 2
An ad for Crest Whitestrips Premium claims that the strips will whiten teeth in 7 days and the results will last for 12 months. A researcher who wishes to test this claim studies 20 sets of identical twins. Within each set of twins, one is randomly selected to use Crest Whitestrips Premium in
Jack D. Edinger and associates wanted to test the effectiveness of a new cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with both an older behavioral treatment and a placebo therapy for treating insomnia.They identified 75 adults with chronic insomnia. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three
Researchers wanted to compare the effectiveness and safety of an extract of St. John’s wort with placebo in outpatients with major depression. To do this, they recruited 200 adult outpatients diagnosed as having major depression and having a baseline Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D)
Researchers wanted to evaluate whether ginkgo, an over-the-counter herb marketed as enhancing memory, improves memory in elderly adults as measured by objective tests. To do this, they recruited 98 men and 132 women older than 60 years and in good health. Participants were randomly assigned to
Researchers wanted to determine whether the stomach shrinks as a result of dieting. To do this, they randomly divided 23 obese patients into two groups. The 14 individuals in the experimental group were placed on a diet that allowed them to consume 2508 kilojoules (kJ) per day for 4 weeks. The 9
Professor Andy Neill wanted to determine if the reaction time of people differs in their dominant hand versus their nondominant hand. To do this, he recruited 15 students. Each student was asked to hold a yardstick between the index finger and thumb. The student was asked to open the hand, release
A local golf pro wanted to compare two styles of golf club. One golf club had a graphite shaft and the other had the latest style of steel shaft. It is a common belief that graphite shafts allow a player to hit the ball farther, but the manufacturer of the new steel shaft said the ball travels just
A pharmaceutical company wants to test the effectiveness of an experimental drug meant to reduce high cholesterol. The researcher at the pharmaceutical company has decided to test the effectiveness of the drug through a completely randomized design. She obtains 20 volunteers with high cholesterol:
A researcher has recruited 20 volunteers to participate in a study. The researcher wishes to measure the effect of alcohol on an individual’s reaction time. The 20 volunteers are randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 serves as a control group in which participants drink four 1-ounce cups of a
Researchers wish to know if there is a link between hypertension (high blood pressure) and consumption of salt. Past studies have indicated that the consumption of fruits and vegetables offsets the negative impact of salt consumption. It is also known that there is quite a bit of person-to-person
Suppose you want to perform an experiment whose goal is to determine whether people prefer Coke or Pepsi. Design an experiment that utilizes the completely randomized design. Design an experiment that utilizes the matched-pairs design. In both designs, be sure to identify the response variable, the
In an attempt to identify ecologically friendly methods for controlling mosquito populations, researchers conducted field experiments in India where aquatic nymphs of the dragonfly Brachytron pretense were used against the larvae of mosquitoes. For the experiment, the researchers selected ten
What is the role of randomization in a designed experiment? If you were conducting a completely randomized design with three treatments and 90 experimental units, describe how you would randomly assign the experimental units to the treatments.
Harris Interactive conducted a poll of U.S. adults in which the survey participants were asked, €œWhen there is a voiceover in a commercial, which type of voice is more likely to sell me a car?€ Results of the survey are in the bar graph.(a) How many participants were in the
The following frequency distribution represents the cause of death in homicides for the year 2009.Type of Weapon ……..................................... FrequencyFirearms ……………………………………..
The following frequency distribution represents the number of live births (in thousands) in the United States in 2008 by age of mother. Age of Mother (years) ……… Births (thousands)
A sample of 100 randomly selected registered voters in the city of Naperville was asked their political afï¬liation: Democrat (D), Republican (R), or Independent (I). The results of the survey are shown on the next page.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b) Construct
A random sample of 60 couples married for 7 years were asked to give the number of children they have. The results of the survey are as follows:.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution of the data.(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the
The table shows the home ownership rate in each of the 50 states and Washington, DC, in 2009.With a ï¬rst class of 40 and a class width of 5:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the data.(d)
The following data represent the diameter (in inches) of a random sample of 34 Keebler Chips Deluxeâ„¢ Chocolate Chip Cookies.(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(c) Construct a frequency histogram. Describe the shape of the distribution.(d)
The following data represent the average number of hours per week that a random sample of 40 college students spend online.The data are based on the ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007. Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram of the data, and comment on the shape of the
The side-by-side bar graph on the next page shows the average grade point average for the years 1991€“1992, 1996€“1997, 2001€“2002, and 2006€“2007 for colleges and universities.(a) Does the graph suggest that grade inflation is a problem in
The following data represent the percentage of total adjusted gross income (AGI) earned by various income classes. The top 1% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those whose income is higher than 99% of all earners. The bottom 50% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those
In 2009 the average earnings of a high school graduate were $32,272. At $62,394, the average earnings of a recipient of a bachelor’s degree were about 93% higher.(a) Construct a misleading graph that a college recruiter might create to convince high school students that they should attend
The following graphic is a USA Today-type graph displaying women€™s preference for shoes.(a) Which type of shoe is preferred the most? The least? (b) How is the graph misleading?
Harris Interactive conducted a poll of U.S. adults in which the survey participants were asked, €œWhen there is a voiceover in a commercial, which type of voice is more likely to sell me a car?€ Results of the survey are in the bar graph.(a) How many participants were in the
The following frequency distribution represents the cause of death in homicides for the year 2009.Type of Weapon .......................................FrequencyFirearms ................9146Knives or cutting instruments........1825Blunt objects (clubs, hammers, etc.).... 611Personal weapons (hands,
The following frequency distribution represents the number of live births (in thousands) in the United States in 2008 by age of mother.Age of Mother (years) ...Births (thousands)10–14.......... 615–19........... 43520–24...........105325–29...........119730–34 ........... 95835–39
A sample of 100 randomly selected registered voters in the city of Naperville was asked their political afï¬liation: Democrat (D), Republican (R), or Independent (I). The results of the survey are shown on the next page.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b) Construct
A random sample of 60 couples married for 7 years were asked to give the number of children they have. The results of the survey are as follows:.(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution of the data.(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the
The table shows the home ownership rate in each of the 50 states and Washington, DC, in 2009.With a ï¬rst class of 40 and a class width of 5:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the data.(d) Construct a
The following data represent the diameter (in inches) of a random sample of 34 Keebler Chips Deluxeâ„¢ Chocolate Chip Cookies.(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(c) Construct a frequency histogram. Describe the shape of the distribution.(d)
The following data represent the average number of hours per week that a random sample of 40 college students spend online.The data are based on the ECAR Study of Undergraduate Students and Information Technology, 2007. Construct a stem-and-leaf diagram of the data, and comment on the shape of the
The side-by-side bar graph on the next page shows the average grade point average for the years 1991€“1992, 1996€“1997, 2001€“2002, and 2006€“2007 for colleges and universities.(a) Does the graph suggest that grade inflation is a problem in
The following data represent the percentage of total adjusted gross income (AGI) earned by various income classes. The top 1% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those whose income is higher than 99% of all earners. The bottom 50% represents the percentage of total AGI earned by those
In 2009 the average earnings of a high school graduate were $32,272. At $62,394, the average earnings of a recipient of a bachelor’s degree were about 93% higher. (a) Construct a misleading graph that a college recruiter might create to convince high school students that they should attend
The following graphic is a USA Today-type graph displaying women€™s preference for shoes.(a) Which type of shoe is preferred the most? The least? (b) How is the graph misleading?
The following graph shows the country represented by the champion of the men€™s singles competition at the Wimbledon Tennis Championship from 1968 (when professional players were ï¬rst allowed to participate in the tournament) through 2010.(a) Which country€™s
A random sample of 1005 adult Americans was asked, “How would you prefer to pay for new road construction?” Results of the survey are below.Response .....FrequencyNew tolls .....412Increase gas tax ....181No new roads .....412(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(b) What percent of
The Metra Train Company was interested in knowing the educational background of its customers. The company contracted a marketing ï¬rm to conduct a survey with a random sample of 50 commuters at the train station. In the survey, commuters were asked to disclose their educational attainment. The
The following data represent the number of cars that arrived at a McDonald’s drive-through between 11:50 a.m. and 12:00 noon each Wednesday for the past 50 weeks:(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution of the data.(c) Construct a
Dr. Paul Oswiecmiski randomly selects 40 of his 20- to 29-year-old patients and obtains the following data regarding their serum HDL cholesterol:(a) Construct a frequency distribution.(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the data.(d) Construct a
The following data represent the time (in minutes) students spent working their Section 1.1 homework from Sullivan€™s College Algebra course (based on time logged into MyMathLab). Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram of the data and comment on the shape of the distribution.
The following data are based on a study conducted by the Pew Research Center, which shows birth rates and per capita income (in thousands of 2008 dollars) from 2000 through 2008. Draw a time series plot for both birth rate and per capita income. Comment on any similarities in the trends.
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